Relational

Click to edit Master title style

DataBase
Management
System
Presented By
Mrs.S.SINDHU..,
Dept of Computer Applications,
S R M I S T- R a m a p u r a m

1
Click to edit Master title style

RDBMS
UNIT-1 -> Session- 02

Date : 07/08/2020
Time : 10.00 am to 10.45 am
Department : II BCA A

2 2
Click to edit Master title style
Topics

•Data Independences & 3-schema

architecture
•ER model
•Components of ER diagram

3 3
Click to edit Master title style

“
Data Independencies

Data independence refers characteristic of being

able to modify the schema at one level of the
database system without altering the schema at the
next higher level.
It can be explained using the three-schema
architecture.

4 4
Click toare
There edit Master
two typestitle styleindependence:
of data
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBTi2HXwTsk
1. Logical Data Independence : Logical data independence
refers characteristic of being able to change the
conceptual schema without having to change the external
schema. If we do any changes in the conceptual view of
the data, then the user view of the data would not be
affected

2. Physical Data Independence :Physical data

independence can be defined as the capacity to change the
internal schema without having to change the conceptual
schema. If we do any changes in the storage size of the
database system server, then the Conceptual structure of
the database will not be affected.

5 5
Click to
Three edit Master
schema title style
Architecture / ANSI/SPARC architecture /
three-level architecture • This framework is used to
describe the structure of a
specific database system.
• The three schema architecture
is also used to separate the
user applications and physical
database.
• The three schema architecture
contains three-levels. It breaks
the database down into three
different categories.
6 6
Click
1. to editLevel
Internal Master title style
•The internal level has an internal schema which describes
the physical storage structure of the database.

•The internal schema is also known as a physical schema.

•It uses the physical data model. It is used to define that

how the data will be stored in a block.

•The physical level is used to describe complex low-level

data structures in detail.
7 7
 Click
2. to edit Master
Conceptual Leveltitle style
•The conceptual schema describes the design of a database at the
conceptual level. Conceptual level is also known as logical level.

•The conceptual schema describes the structure of the whole database.

•The conceptual level describes what data are to be stored in the

database and also describes what relationship exists among those
data.

•In the conceptual level, internal details such as an implementation of

the data structure are hidden.

•Programmers and database administrators work at this level. 8 8

 Click
3. to editLevel
External Master title style
•At the external level, a database contains several schemas that
sometimes called as subschema. The subschema is used to
describe the different view of the database.

•An external schema is also known as view schema.

•Each view schema describes the database part that a particular

user group is interested and hides the remaining database from
that user group.

•The view schema describes the end user interaction with

database systems.
9 9
 Click
ER to edit Master title style
model
•ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model.
It is a high-level data model. This model is used to
define the data elements and relationship for a
specified system.
•It develops a conceptual design for the database.
It also develops a very simple and easy to design
view of data.
•In ER modeling, the database structure is
portrayed as a diagram called an entity-relationship
diagram.
1010
Clickexample
For to edit Master title a
- To design style
school database

 student ->will be an entity

address, name, id, age ->
Attributes
The address can be another
entity with attributes like city,
street name, pin code, etc
and there will be a
relationship between them.
1111
Click to editofMaster
Component title style
ER Diagram

Data Base 1212

 Click
1. to edit Master title style
Entity:
•An entity may be any object, class, person or place.
•In the ER diagram, an entity can be represented as rectangles.

•example- manager, product, employee, department etc. can be

taken as an entity.

1313
Click
a. to edit
Weak Master title style
Entity

An entity that depends on another entity called a weak

entity.
The weak entity doesn't contain any key attribute of its
own.
The weak entity is represented by a double rectangle.

1414
Click to editofMaster
Component title style
ER Diagram

Data Base 1515

 Click
2. to edit Master title style
Attribute

The attribute is used to describe the property of an

entity. Eclipse is used to represent an attribute.
For example, id, age, contact number, name, etc.
can be attributes of a student.

1616
 Click
a. KeytoAttribute
edit Master title style

The key attribute is used to represent the main

characteristics of an entity. It represents a primary key.
The key attribute is represented by an ellipse with the
text underlined.

1717
Click
b. to edit Master
Composite title style
Attribute

An attribute that composed of many other attributes is

known as a composite attribute. The composite attribute
is represented by an ellipse, and those ellipses are
connected with an ellipse.

1818
Click
c. to edit Master
Multivalued title style
Attribute

An attribute can have more than one value. These

attributes are known as a multivalued attribute. The
double oval is used to represent multivalued attribute.
For example, a student can have more than one phone
number.

1919
Click
d. to editAttribute
Derived Master title style

An attribute that can be derived from other attribute is

known as a derived attribute. It can be represented by a
dashed ellipse.

2020
Click to edit Master title style
attributes

Click icon to Click icon to Click icon to Click icon to

add picture add picture add picture add picture

Key Composite Multivalued Derived

attribute
attribute Attribute Attribute

2121
Click to editofMaster
Component title style
ER Diagram

Data Base 2222

Click todiscussed
Topics edit Master title style

•Data Independences & 3-schema

architecture
•ER model
•Components of ER diagram

2323
Click to edit Master title style

Thank You

24