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 GUIDING QUESTIONS
• What is the SI base unit for time, length, mass and
temperature?
• How does adding a prefix change a unit?
• How are the derived units different for volume and
density?
• Why use scientific notation to express numbers?
• How is dimensional analysis used for unit conversion?

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 WHY DO WE NEED UNITS?

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 UNITS
• We use measurement almost everyday, e.g. reading
the bottled water label helps you decide what size
bottle to buy.
N.B: the label uses a number and a unit, such as 700 ml,
to give the volume.
• Other units for volume are Fuid ounces (FL) and pints
(PT).

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 SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL UNITS
QUANTITY BASE UNIT
Time Seconds (s)
Length Meter (m)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Amount of substance Mole (mol)
Electric current Ampere (A)
Luminous intensity Candela (cd)

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 Method

• Prefixes must be added to the base units.

• Example: centi meter - kilo gram

• The prefixes in the table below are based on factors of

10 and can be used with all SI units.

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 The prefix kilo- means a thousand,
therefore 1 km = 1000m

Similarly, the prefix milli- means one thousandth,

therefore 1 mm = 1/1000 = 0.001 m

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 SI PREFIXES
PREFIX SYMBOL NUMERICAL POWER 10
VALUE IN BASE EQUIVALENT
UNITS
Giga G 1 000 000 000
Mega M 1 000 000
Kilo K 1 000
- - 1
Deci d 0.1
Centi c 0.01
Milli m 0.001
Micro µ 0.000001
Nano n 0.000000001
Pico p 0.000000000001

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 TIME:
The SI base unit for time is seconds (s).

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 LENGTH
• The SI base unit for length is meter (m).
• A meter is the distance that light travel in a vacuum.
• A vacuum exists where space contains matter.

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 MASS
• is a measure of the amount of matter an object
contains.
• The SI base unit for mass is kilogram (kg).
• Scientists often measure quantities in grams (g) or
milligrams (mg).

For example: a laboratory experiment might ask you to add

35 mg of an unknown substance to 350 g of water.

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 TEMPERATURE

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 TEMPERATURE
• People often qualitative descriptions, such as hot and
cold, when describing the weather or the water in a
swimming pool.
• Temperature however, is a quantitative measurement of
the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up
an object.
• As the particle motion in an object increases, so does the
temperature of the object.

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• measured using the instrument thermometer or a temperature probe.
• A thermometer contains of a narrow tube that contains a liquid.

• The height of the liquid indicates the temperature.

• A change in temperature causes a change in volume of the liquid, which
result in a change in the height of the liquid in the tube.
• Several temperature scales- Kelvin, Celcius and Fahrenheit- are commonly
used to describe how hot or cold an object is.

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 FAHRENHEIT

• Used in the US.

• German scientist Gabriel
Fahrenheit devised the
scale in 1724.
• On the Fahrenheit scale,
water freezes at 32 ◦F and
boils at 212 ◦F.

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 CELCIUS
• Devised by a Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius.
• Based on the freezing and boiling point of water.

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 CONVERTING FROM ◦C TO ◦F

◦ F= 1.8 (◦c) + 32

EXAMPLES:
1. Imagine a friend from Canada calls you and say that it is
35 ◦C outside. What is this temperature in Fahrenheit?
2. If it is 35 ◦F outside, what is this temperature in ◦C?

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 CLASSWORK

Which is warmer, 25 ◦F or 25 ◦C?

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 KELVIN
• The base unit for temperature is Kelvin (K).
• It was devised by a Scottish and mathematician, William
Thomson, who was known as Lord Kelvin.
• Kelvin is a point where all particles are at their lowest
possible energy state.
• On the kelvin scale,
water freezes at 273.15K and boils at 373.15K

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 KELVIN-CELCIUS CONVERSION EQUATION

K = ◦C + 273.15

EXAMPLES:
1. Consider the element mercury, which melt at -39◦C.
What is this temperature in kelvins?
2. Consider the element bromine, which melts at 266 k.
What is this temperature in ◦C?

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 DERIVED UNITS
Not all quantities can be measured with SI base units.
• For example, the SI unit for speed is meter per second
(m/s).
• Notice that meters per second includes two SI base
units- the meter and second.
• A unit that is defined by a combination of two units is
called a derived unit.

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 VOLUME
• Is the space occupied by an object.
• The volume of an object with a cubic or rectangular space can be
determined by multiplying its length, width and height dimention.
• When each dimension is given in meters, the calculated volume has
units of cubic meters.

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