Substation Automation Products

Line protection
 Section 4

 1. Neutral
2
conductor
2 1
2  2. Phase
conductors
 3. Tower
3  4. Tower footing
 5. Earth

5 4
 Section 4
 1. Phase to
ground
 2. Phase to
phase
 3. Three phase

 4. Phase to
3 phase to ground
 5. Three phase to
2 ground

1
 Section 4

© SA-T Training
1MRG005475
Slide 4
Section 4
Section 4
Section 4
Section 4
Section 4
 WA1 Section 4

WA2 RED670 A32 – Single Breaker with Single phase tripping

12AI (6I+6U)

QB1 QB2

94 1→0 79 0→1 25 SC/VC

QA1 SMP PTRC SMB RREC SES RSYN

50BF 3I>BF 50 3I>> 46 Iub> 26 θ>

CC RBRF PH PIOC BRC PTOC L PTTR

Remote Line CT
21FL FL 87L 3Id/I>
LMB RFLO L3C PDIF
QB9
MET Usqi MET P/Q 51/67 3I> 21
60FL Z<
VTS
V MSQI CV MMXN OC4 PTOC ZMQ RFUF
SDD PDIS
QC9
DFR/SER DR MET W/Varh MET I MET Isqi
DRP RDRE ETP MMTR C MMXU C MSQI

27 3U< 27 3U< 59 3U> MET U MET U

UV2 PTUV LOV PTUV OV2 PTOV VN MMXU V MMXU
 WA1 Section 4

WA2 RED670 A32 – Single Breaker with Single phase tripping

12AI (6I+6U)

QB1 QB2

94 1→0 79 0→1 25 SC/VC

QA1 SMP PTRC SMB RREC SES RSYN

50BF 3I>BF 50 3I>> 46 Iub> 26 θ>

CC RBRF PH PIOC BRC PTOC L PTTR

Remote Line CT
21FL FL 87L 3Id/I>
LMB RFLO L3C PDIF
QB9
MET Usqi MET P/Q 51/67 3I> 21
60FL Z<
VTS
V MSQI CV MMXN OC4 PTOC ZMQ RFUF
SDD PDIS
QC9
DFR/SER DR MET W/Varh MET I MET Isqi
DRP RDRE ETP MMTR C MMXU C MSQI

27 3U< 27 3U< 59 3U> MET U MET U

UV2 PTUV LOV PTUV OV2 PTOV VN MMXU V MMXU
 Section 4
Under impedance protection

  Basic principle:  Challenges:

 Compare the known  Determining the
impedance of the line with impedance of a line or line
the calculated impedance segment
 The calculated impedance  Measuring a voltage during
is derived by dividing the short circuit
measured voltage by the  CT Saturation
measured current
 Meshed networks – current
 If the calculated impedance flowing towards the fault
is below the known line
from different directions will
impedance, a fault on the influence the impedance
line is assumed.
measurement
 Load is mostly resistive  Overreaching
(R), line imepdance is  Underreaching
mostly reactive (X)
 Low impedance lines are
difficult to protect; short
OHL or cables
© SA-T Training
1MRG005475
Slide 12
 Section 4
Under impedance protection - bolted fault

X Line in impedance plane  Distance protection measures an impedance

ZL = RL + jXL  The impedance is a vector in the impedance

XL plane
Measured impedance  At a bolted fault (metallic)
(Fault resistance Rf=0) the measurement (the
Zm = ZLf distance) is proportional with the line impedance
to the fault

ZL

RL
 Section 4
Under impedance protection - resistive fault

Line in impedance plane  Distance protection measure the sum of the

X
impedance to the fault and the fault resistance
ZL = RL + jXL  The impedance is a vector in the impedance
XL plane
Rf

Measured impedance ZL
Zm = ZLf + Rf
Rf

R
RL
 Section 4
Under impedance protection - resistive fault

X inLedning i impedansplan  Distance protection measure the sum of the

Line impedance plane
ZL=RL+jXL impedance to the fault and the fault resistance
Mätt impedansimpedance
Measured  The impedance is a vector in the impedance
XL Zm=ZLf+Rf plane

Rf

ZL

Rf

R
RL
 Section 4
Under impedance protection - resistive fault

Single end in feed

 Fault resistance increase at decreasing fault current

I Z1
L1

Z1 Tower Footing Resistance

L2

R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R1
ZN
Z1
L3
Z1
R2
N
I ZN
R3

R4

R5
 Section 4
Phase to phase faults
arc resistance
Reach (settings X1, R1)
(Setting RFPP)

L1 Z1

Reach (settings X1, R1) Rf

L2 Z1

L3 Z1

A.R. Van C. Warrington

 Section 4
Phase to phase loop

L1
jX
R1+j X1
RFPP
φ = tan-1 XR
(R1, X1)
2

RFPP
2

L2

R1+j X1
φ =LineAng

RFPP
R
2
RFPP
R1+
 ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance to the fault 2

 Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

 Section 4
Three phase loop

L1
R1+j X1 RFPP
jX φ = tan-1 XR
2
(R1, X1)
L2
R1+j X1 RFPP RFPP
2 2

L3
R1+j X1
φ =LineAng

RFPP
R
2
RFPP
 ZM measures the ohm/phase impedance to the fault R1+
2

 Test equipment must be set in ohm/phase!

 Section 4
Phase to phase characteristic

Settings in PST for zones

 X1PP = X1
 R1PP = R1
 RFPP = RFPP
 Section 4
Phase to earth faults

Reach (settings X1, R1)

L1 Z1

L2 Z1
Rf

L3 Z1

N ZN

Neutral Impedance reach

(settings X0, R0) Fault resistance
(Tower foot res.
+arc resistance)
(Setting RFPE)
 Section 4
Phase to earth loop
jX
Z1 =R1+j X1 (2R1+R0
3 ,
2X1+X0
3
)
L1

RFPE

N
α = tan -1
2X1+X0
2R1+R0

(R0+j X0) - (R1+j X1) R

RFPE
ZN =
3
2 (R1+j X1) + (R0+j X0)
Zloopset =
 Z measures the ohm/loop impedance to the fault 3
Z0 - Z1 ZN
 Test equipment must be set in ohm/loop! ZN = KN =
3 Z1

Z0 - Z1
KN =
3Z1
 Section 4
Phase to earth characteristic

Settings in PST
 X1PE = X1
 R1PE = R1
 X0PE = X0
 R0PE = R0
 RFPE = RFPE
 Section 4
Example of ZM settings

Z1 = (3,2+j36) Ω
Ip Z0 = (13+j145) Ω

1200 A/1 A
TRIP/CLOSE
Bus A

Bus B

Is 400 kV/100 V

 Settings of Z zones
 Z1 = 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
 Z2 =125% of line (fw) 400 ms
 Z3 = 150% of line (rv) 800 ms
 Z4 = 200% of line (fw) 1000 ms
 Z5 = OFF
 Section 4
Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
Settings are in primary, so there is no
need to convert primary settings into
secondary.

ZM01 is switched On

Directional is set FW

0,85(3,2+j36) = (2,72+j30,60) Ω

0,85(13+j145) = (11,05+j123,5) Ω

PP and PE Loops are On

Trip time = 0 s
 Section 4
Settings for ZM01, 85% of line (fw) 0 ms
Set RFPE = 25 ohms and
RFPP = 15 ohms

Minimum operating current

Keep according to default
values
 Section 4
Settings for ZM02, 125% of line (fw) 400 ms
Communication zone

ZM02 is switched On

Directional is set FW

1,25(3,2+j36) = (4,0+j45,0) Ω

1,25(13+j145) = (16,25+j181,25) Ω

1,5 times the settings of ZM01

PP and PE Loops are On

Trip time = 0,400 s
 Section 4
Settings for ZM03, 400% of line (fw) 1000 ms
Remote Back up zone

ZM03 is switched On

Directional is set FW

4,0(3,2+j36) = (1+j144,0) Ω
4,0(13+j145) = (1+j181,25) Ω
R1 and R0 are set low as the line angle
not is consistent (line angle almost 90
degrees)

RFPP and RFPE = 300 Ω

PP and PE Loops are On

Trip time = 1,0 s
 Section 4
Settings for ZM04, 10 % of line (rv) 800 ms
Back up zone for the busbar protection

ZM04 is switched On

Directional is set RV

0,1(3,2+j36) = (0,32+j3,6) Ω

0,1(13+j145) = (1,3+j14,5) Ω

RFPP 40 Ω and RFPE = 60 Ω

PP and PE Loops are On

Trip time = 0,800 s
 Section 4
Settings for ZM05, 130 % of zone 2 (rv)
Reverse zone used for communication scheme (blocking or
weak-end-infeed

ZM05 is switched On

Directional is set RV

1,3 (4,0+j45,0) = (5,2+j58,5) Ω

1,3(16,25+j181,25) = (21,13+j235,62) Ω

130 % of Zone2 RFPP and RFPE

PP and PE Loops are On

Trip time = Off, 60,0 s
 Section 4
Permissive underreaching scheme – PUTT

ZMQAPDIS ZM02 400 ms

ZMQAPDIS ZM01

A B

STZ2 400 ms

STZ1
Carrier send

ZCPSCH

tCoord=0
ZM02-START CACC
t TRIP To trip function
Carrier receive CR AND

ZM01-START CSUR CS Carrier send

ZCPSCH -TRIP = ZM02-START * CarrierReceive

CarrierSend = ZM01-START
© SA-T Training
1MRG005477
Slide 34
 Section 4
Permissive overreaching scheme – POTT

ZMQAPDIS ZM02 400 ms

ZMQAPDIS ZM01

A B

STZ2 400 ms

STZ1
Carrier send

ZCPSCH

ZM02-START tCoord  =0
CACC
t TRIP To trip function
Carrier receiveCR AND

ZM02-START Carrier send

CSOR CS

ZCPSCH-TRIP = ZM02-START * CarrierReceive (same as in PUTT)

CarrierSend = ZM02-START (ZM01-START in PUTT)
© SA-T Training
1MRG005477
Slide 35
 Section 4
Blocking overreaching scheme

ZMQAPDIS ZM05, T5
ZMQAPDIS ZM02, T2
ZMQAPDIS ZM01

A B

ZMQAPDIS ZM05, T5

ZMQAPDIS ZM02, T2

ZMQAPDIS ZM01

ZCPSCH

ZM02-START tCoord≠ 0
CACC
t TRI To trip function
Carrier receiveCR AND P

ZM05-START CSBLK CS Carrier send

BlockingCarrier Send = STZ5

ZCPSCH-TRIP = STZ2 * TCoord* CarrierNotReceived

© SA-T Training
1MRG005477
Slide 39
 Section 5
Switch onto fault (ZCVPSOF)

 Pre-fault
 V=0
 I=0

At closing!

 Fault
Vf If
(small)  V = Fault voltage (Vf)
 I = Fault current (If)

© SA-T Training
1MRG005476
Slide 40
 Section 5
What happens seen from the IED

U,I Not energized line

I
 Pre-fault
U  U=0
 I=0
t  Fault
 Fault voltages
 Fault current

U
I Energized line
 Pre-fault
 U = High voltages
t  I = Load current
 Fault
 Fault voltages
 Fault currents
Pre-fault Fault

© SA-T Training
1MRG005476
Slide 41
 Section 7
Fuse failure

U prim  OK U prim  OK
Iprim  OK Iprim  OK

U sec  OK U sec  0
I sec  OK
I sec  OK
0
Z sec  OK Z sec   0  TRIP !
I sec

© SA-T Training
1MRG005478
Slide 42
 Section 4
Line differential protection

 Basic principle:  Challenges:

 Kirchhoff's current law  Current does not only flow
 At any node (junction) in through the conductor.
an electrical circuit, the Losses occur due to:
sum of currents flowing  Conductor resistance (R)
into that node is equal to
the sum of currents
 Conductor capacitance
flowing out of that node, (C)
or:  Conductor reactance (L)
 The algebraic sum of  Measurement accuracy
currents in a network of
conductors meeting at a  Measurement reliability
point is zero. (CT saturation)
 Completely selective  Communication
 Non dependant on source  Time synchronisation
impedance or double ended
infeed

© SA-T Training
1MRG005475
Slide 43
Line differential protection
Kirchhoff's current law

Internal fault External fault

 Kirchoffs law ”The sum of all current at a point is = 0

 Selective
 Instantaneous
 Independent

© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
44
Line differential protection
Design Criteria

With or without transformer

Single or redundant channels

© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
45
Line differential protection
Design Criteria

RED RED RED RED

670 670 670 670

RED RED RED RED RED RED

670 670 670 670 670 670

Master-master or Master-slave

 The nework configuration does not matter for differential protection and enables us
to protect complex lines that under impedance would not be able to protect.

© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
46
Line differential protection
Synchronizing of internal clock, with Echo-timing

Transmission Time delay

Time difference

© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
47
Line differential protection
CT Saturation

Primary current

Secondary current

 Current transformer saturation

 High Degree of Harmonics (2nd)

© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
48
Line differential protection
CT Saturation

CT Saturation:

Primary current

Secondary
current

Differential
current

 False differential current possible during external faults due to CT

saturation
 DC offset will produce phase shift between primary and secondary
current
 Current includes harmonics that may disturb the protection operation
 Delay for heavy internal faults as a consequence of harmonic distortion
of the fault currents
© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
49
Line differential protection
Charging Current

 There are capacitances between the line phase conductors and

between phase conductors and earth.
 These capacitances give rise to line charging currents which are seen
by the differential protection as “false” differential currents.
 The magnitude of the charging current is dependent of the line
capacitance and the system voltage. To overcome this, a charging
current compensation is available in the line differential function.
© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
50
Line differential protection
Characteristic of Line differential

 Higher currents might lead to unbalance

currents other than faults
 CT saturation due to high through
fault currents
 High load and tap-changer in end-
position (power transformer in zone)

It’s necessary to stabilize the differential

protection.

© ABB
 8/17/20  | Slide
51
 Section 4

© SA-T Training
1MRG005475
Slide 52