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Delivered by Joel Anandraj.E Ap/It

The document provides an overview of data communication components and networks. It discusses data representation, the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium and protocol. It also describes different data flow types and various network criteria around performance, reliability and security. Finally, it outlines different physical network structures including point-to-point and multipoint connections as well as mesh, star, bus and ring topologies.

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37 views39 pages

Delivered by Joel Anandraj.E Ap/It

The document provides an overview of data communication components and networks. It discusses data representation, the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium and protocol. It also describes different data flow types and various network criteria around performance, reliability and security. Finally, it outlines different physical network structures including point-to-point and multipoint connections as well as mesh, star, bus and ring topologies.

Uploaded by

joelanandraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

LECTURE 1


Delivered by
Joel Anandraj.E
AP/IT
Agenda

 Data Communication
 Components
 Data Representation
 Data Flow
 Networks
 Distributed Processing
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structure
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

 Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices.

 For data communications to occur, the communicating


devices must be part of a communication system.

 The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics.
 Delivery
 Accuracy
 Timeliness
 Jitter

 A data communications system has five components

1. Message 2. Sender 3. Receiver 4.Transmission Medium. 5.Protocol.



Data Representation
Information today comes in different forms
 Text (ASCII, Unicode Encoding)
 Numbers (Direct conversion to Binary)
 Images (Represented by bit pattern)
 Audio
 Video.

Data Flow
 Communication between two devices can happen in
three ways :
 Simplex (Either send or receive)
 Half-Duplex (Can transmit/receive data, but in turns)
 Full-Duplex (Can transmit/receive simultaneously)
A picture to Retrofit

NETWORKS

 A network is a set of devices (often referred to as
nodes) connected by communication links.

 A network must be able to meet a certain number of
criteria.
 The most important of these are
 Performance
 Reliability
 Security

Performance :
 Performance is measured in many ways, including
transit time and response time.
 Transit time is the amount of time required for a
message to travel from one device to another.
 Response time is the elapsed time between an
inquiry and a response.

The performance of a network depends on a number of
factors, including:
 Number of users
 The type of transmission medium
 The capabilities of the connected hardware
 The efficiency of the software.

 Performance is often evaluated by two networking
metrics:
 Throughput
 Delay

Reliability
 Network reliability is measured by the frequency of
failure.
 The time it takes a link to recover from a failure.

Security
N/W Security include,
 Protecting data from unauthorized access
 Protecting data from damage
 Implementing policies and procedures.

Physical Structures
Network attributes define its physical structure.
 Type of Connection
 Physical Topology
Type of Connection

 For communication to occur, two devices must be
connected in some way to the same link at the same
time.

 There are two possible types of connections:


 point-to-point
 multipoint.

Point-to-Point:
 A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated
link between two devices.

 The entire capacity of the link is reserved



Multipoint :
 A multipoint connection is one in which more than
two specific devices share a single link.

 The capacity of the channel is shared.


Physical Topology

 Physical topology refers to the way in which a
network is laid out physically.

 The topology of a network is the geometric


representation of the relationship of all the links and
linking devices to one another.

 There are four basic topologies possible:
 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Ring.
Mesh Topology

 In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated
point-to-point link to every other device.

 The number of physical links in a fully connected
mesh network with n nodes:

n * (n-1)

 If each physical link allows communication in both


directions.

n * (n-1) / 2

Advantage :
 Eliminates traffic problems.
 A link failure does not incapacitate the entire system.
 Privacy
 Fault identification and Fault isolation is easy.

Disadvantages:
 Installation and reconnection are difficult.
 The sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the
available space can accommodate.
 H/W can be prohibitively expensive.
Star Topology

 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only
to a central controller, usually called a hub.

 The devices are not directly linked to one another.



The controller acts as an exchange:
 If one device wants to send data to another, it sends
the data to the controller, which then relays the data
to the other connected device

Advantage :
 Less expensive
 Easy to install and reconfigure.
 less cabling
 Robust
 Easy fault identification & fault isolation.

Disadvantage :
 If the hub fails, the whole system is dead.
Bus Topology

 A bus topology is a multipoint connection between
devices.
 One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the
devices in a network.

 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines
and taps.

 A drop line is a connection running between the


device and the main cable.

 A tap is a connector that either joins into the main


cable or punctures the outer layer of a cable to create
a contact with the metallic core.

Advantages :
 Ease of installation.
 Uses less cabling.

Disadvantage
 Difficult reconnection and fault isolation.
 A fault or break in the bus cable stops all
transmission.
Ring Topology

 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only the two devices on either side
of it.

 Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.

 When a device receives a signal intended for another


device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes
them along.

Advantage :
 Easy to install and reconfigure.
 Fault isolation is simplified (using alarm!)

Disadvantage:
 unidirectional traffic.
Hybrid Topology

 A network can be hybrid.
Thank you.

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