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    Elecrostyatic Field

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    maria idrees
    1. The document discusses Maxwell's addition of a displacement current term to Ampere's law to account for time-varying electric fields. 2. Maxwell proposed that a time-varying electric field between the plates of a charging capacitor could be viewed as generating a "displacement current" even though there is no physical flow of charge. 3. With the inclusion of this displacement current term, Ampere's law can be satisfied in cases involving time-varying electric fields like a charging capacitor, where the curl of the magnetic field is non-zero.

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    Elecrostyatic Field

    Uploaded by

    maria idrees
    23 views22 pages
    1. The document discusses Maxwell's addition of a displacement current term to Ampere's law to account for time-varying electric fields. 2. Maxwell proposed that a time-varying electric field between the plates of a charging capacitor could be viewed as generating a "displacement current" even though there is no physical flow of charge. 3. With the inclusion of this displacement current term, Ampere's law can be satisfied in cases involving time-varying electric fields like a charging capacitor, where the curl of the magnetic field is non-zero.

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    4. elecrostyatic field

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    1. The document discusses Maxwell's addition of a displacement current term to Ampere's law to account for time-varying electric fields. 2. Maxwell proposed that a time-varying electric field between the plates of a charging capacitor could be viewed as generating a "displacement current" even though there is no physical flow of charge. 3. With the inclusion of this displacement current term, Ampere's law can be satisfied in cases involving time-varying electric fields like a charging capacitor, where the curl of the magnetic field is non-zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views22 pages

    Elecrostyatic Field

    Uploaded by

    maria idrees
    1. The document discusses Maxwell's addition of a displacement current term to Ampere's law to account for time-varying electric fields. 2. Maxwell proposed that a time-varying electric field between the plates of a charging capacitor could be viewed as generating a "displacement current" even though there is no physical flow of charge. 3. With the inclusion of this displacement current term, Ampere's law can be satisfied in cases involving time-varying electric fields like a charging capacitor, where the curl of the magnetic field is non-zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    EMF. Induced field.

    Displacement current.
    DEMO:
    ACT: Two rings Jumping rings

    Two copper rings with the same geometry move toward identical
    magnets with the same velocity as shown. The ring in case 2,
    though, has a small slit. Compare the magnitudes of:
    • the induced emf’s in the rings:
    A. ε1 < ε2 EMF is independent of the
    actual ring. It would be the v N S 1
    B. ε1 = ε 2 same for a wooden ring, or
    even in vacuum!
    C. ε1 > ε2
    • the magnetic force on the rings:
    A. F1 < F2 No current in case 2
    because ring is v N S 2
    B. F1 = F2 open.

    C. F1 > F2 F2 = 0
    In-class example: AC generator

    A coil of copper wire consists of 120 loops of wire wound around a 10


    cm  20 cm rectangular form. If this coil is used to generate an
    induced emf by rotating it in a 0.3 T field at 60 Hz, what is the
    maximum emf that can be produced?
    r
    A. 33 V A
    r r
    B  NB A r
    B. 43 V B
    t  NBA cos
    C. 120 V
    D. 217 V t 
    d
       dt B  NBA sin 
    E. 27 100 V
    max  NBA
    t  
      60 turns 2 120  0.3
     
    T 0.1  0.2 2

    rad s 1 turn  m
     271 V 
    This is an AC generator!

    B  BA cos t   NBA sin 

     t 
    AC generator
    Water turns wheel
     rotates magnet
     changes flux
     induces emf
     drives current

    DEMOs:
    Loop rotating between
    electromagnets
    Hand-driven generator
    with bulbs
    Eddy currents

    Pull a sheet of metal through B-field

    F
    Induced emf due to change in flux
     currents still generated but
    F
    path they take not well-defined
     eddy currents

    External force required to pull sheet because induced


    current opposes change.
    Current through bulk  heating  energy loss
    Applications: Damping

    Eddy currents induced in a copper plate when it passes near


    magnets.
    Low resistivity  large currents

     Magnets exert force against motion


     Plate is slowed down
    magnet
    This effect does not “wear down” (like
    copper v rubbing surfaces do). It is used as a brake
    system in roller coasters and alike.
    magnet

    To reduce eddy currents when undesirable, DEMOs:


    prevent currents from flowing (cutting Eddy currents:
    slots or laminating material). pendulum and
    magnets
    through tube
    Metal detectors

    • Pulse current through primary coil


    – B-field which changes with time
    – induces currents in a piece of nearby metal
    • Induced currents generate B-field which changes in
    time
    – induces currents in coils of metal detector
    – sets off signal, alarm…
    Back to the EMF

    EMF of a battery (from Phys 221): I

     r r
    E dl r r +

     V V   E
      -

    dl
    Integrating in the
    direction of the current

    r
      E
    r
    dl
    Motional emf

    A loop moves towards a magnet v


     a current is induced. S N

    r r
    Cause:
    r Magnetic force on the moving charges in the loop: F  qv 
    B
    r r r r r
    Work: W  F dl   q v  B  dl
    If this was ran electric
    r force, the corresponding emf would be
    W  F dl r r
      q   v B 
    q r
    dl
    Motional emf Note: This does not come
    r r
      v  B  from an electric field.
    r
    dl
    ACT: E-field in an open circuit

    What is the direction of the E-field in the moving


    conductor?

    A. Left
    B constant with time
    B. Right
    C. Up
    v
    D. Down

    Force points left.


    Positive charge accumulates at left end.
    Electric field points right. But this a regular electrostatic E
    field produced by charges.
    Induced electric field

    A magnet moves towards a loop  a current is induced.

    v
    S N

    No magnetic forces involved.  There must be an (induced) electric


    field!
    r
    E
    r
    E
    r r d r r
    I
    E
    r    E dl    B dA
    dt
    r Changing B-field induces an E-field.
    E No charges involved!!
    Faraday’s law links E andB fields

    q generates E-field q
    experiences force

    changing B-field
    generates an E-field

    moving q
    moving q generates B-field experiences force
    Two types of E fields

    1. E field produced by charges


    • Lines begin/end on charges
    • Ñ E dl
    r r
    0 (on a closed loop)

     Conservative electric field

    2. E field produced by B field that changes with time


    • lines are loops that do not begin/end
    • r
    Ñ E dl
    r
       0
     Non conservative electric field

    B decreasing with time


    curlyE-field induced

    Both types of E-fields exert forces on charges


    Escher depiction of nonconservative emf
    Charging capacitor

    When the switch in the circuit below is closed, the capacitor


    begins charging. While it is charging, is there a current between
    the plates?
    No.
    I
    I
    Close up of the capacitor region:

    Current intercepting
    the green area
    r r
    Ampere’s law for the loop shown: Ñ B dl I
    0

    But what is I decide to use this “bag” as the surface delimited


    by the loop? What is the current intercepting it??

    I
    Displacement current

    There is not current, but there is a time-changing q


    E  A
    electric field between the plates: 0

     q  0AE  0 E

    Maxwell proposed to complete Ampere’s law with an


    additional “current”: dq d E
    I 
    dt
     d E
    D ID   0 
    dt dt
    0

    r r
    Ñ B dl 
    I I I
    0

    D

    In this case, we have ID = I


    between the plates.
    E as a source of B fields

    Time-dependent E fields are a source of B fields!

    r 
    B dlr
     I  d E 
    Ñ  
    0
     0 
     dt 

    The complete picture

    q generates E-field q
    experiences force

    changing B-field changing E-field


    generates an E-field generates a B-field

    moving q
    moving q generates B-field experiences force
    Maxwell’s equations

    r r Gauss’s law for E


    Ñ E dA 0
    q

    r r Gauss’s law for B


    Ñ B dA  0

    d
    r r B
    Faraday’s law
    ÑE dl   
     dt
    r r  d 
    ÑB dl  0  I   0  E
     Ampere’s law
     
     dt
    In the absence of sources

    The symmetry is then very impressive:

    r r r r
    Ñ E dA 0 Ñ B dA
    0
    r r d Br dlr    d E
    ÑE dl    B
    Ñ 0
    0

     dt  dt

    This is 1/c2 (speed of light in vacuum)!!!

    There has to be some relation to light here…

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