Kymograph: Sudhakar Lakavath Tutor Dept - Of.Pharmacology KMC/WGL

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KYMOGRAPH

SUDHAKAR LAKAVATH
TUTOR
DEPT.OF.PHARMACOLOGY
KMC/WGL.
History
It was invented by German Physiologist
Carl Ludwig in the 1840s
He used to monitor/ record changes of
blood pressure
 Its primary use was to measure
phenomena such as changes in
muscular contractions or other
physiological processes, including
speech sounds.
Kymographs were also used to measure
atmospheric pressure, tuning fork
vibrations and the functioning of steam Carl Friedrich Wilhelm
Ludwig
engines.
History contd…

 Ludwig also used it to study


speech sounds.

 As a person read words


loudly, the vibrations of the
sound waves would be
recorded by the kymograph,
making it possible to study
sound duration, intensity and
pitch.
Introduction
 Kymograph – Greek word
kyma- wave
graphin- write

 Instrument which records movement on a


moving surface.

 Degree of movement can be analyzed


from the height of wave and its relation to
time is measured by horizontal distances.
Introduction contd ...

Kymograph is designed for recording mechanical activities of


animal tissues in the
Physiological,
Pharmacological and
Biological experiments
conducted by medical and pharmaceutical colleges or research
institutes

Characteristics:
Portable, solid, durable, runs noiselessly, steadily, reliably and
reassuring.
It can also shift rotational speed in a large range. The instrument is
simply assembled and convenient to servicing.
Evolution of kymograph

Brodie’s starling kymograph

It had 3 speeds 1, 5, 25,shown as Slow(S), Medium(M), Fast(F)

Drum measuring 9"x 10“


Evolution of kymograph

 Pulley driven

 Drum measuring
24"x12"

 It has a friction clutch


by which drum maybe
started / stopped
without interfering
with source of power.

Horizontal Kymograph
Evolution of kymograph

Horizontal Kymograph

Extension for long paper


Evolution of kymograph

Sherrington starling Drum


Evolution of kymograph
Changes made in sherrington drum kymograph over older
ones:
 Sherrington Drum was largely remodelled by placing all
working parts inside the base so, they are clean and not
liable to injury.
 Speed varying from 1-870 revolutions in given time .
 Electric contact knobs are provided.
 Leveling screws for alignment of instrument.
 Drum size 6"x 6“
 T shaped friction clutch is provided at base.
Evolution of kymograph
Evolution of kymograph
The shaft is having
spiral groove,it is used when need to
take tracing extending up to 5 times
round the cylinder.

Drum for taking spiral tracing


Evolution of kymograph
Drum with complete self
contained in built motor to
run on voltage 50 to 280 DC/AC

Electric kymograph
Evolution of kymograph
 Clock work kymograph is designed
to revolve at practically any speed
From 1 revolution in about 5secs.

Drum revolving once in 5 to 15 secs


Drum revolving once in ½ to 30 secs
Drum revolving once in 15 to 60 mins

Clock work Kymograph


Types of Kymograph
A kymograph can be either horizontal or vertical depending on the
orientation of the drum.

Depending on working mechanism:

1. Clock work(spring movement) kymograph

2. Mechanical (pulley driven) kymograph

3. Electrical kymograph (student’s kymograph)

4. Digital kymograph

5. Long paper / Research kymograph


Types of kymograph contd…

Horizontal kymograph
Types of kymograph contd…

Vertical kymograph
Types of kymograph contd…

Clock work kymograph


Types of kymograph contd…

Pulley driven kymograph


Types of kymograph contd…

Electrical / student kymograph


Types of kymograph contd…

Digital kymograph
Harvard long
paper
Kymograph
Parts of Student Kymograph
Electric motor: runs on single phase 220 volts Alternating
Current (AC)
Parts of Kymograph contd…
Shaft:
connected to motor
vertically and can be
rotated at different
speed

slowest: 0.12mm/sec
fastest : 640mm/sec

Shaft connected to motor


Parts of Kymograph contd…
 Shaft has groove on one side and
a screw lift at top.
 A small rectangular plug mounted
on screw inside the shaft comes
out through the groove.
 Rectangular plug can be raised or
lowered along the groove by
rotating the screw lift at top.
 It supports weight of drum and
prevent it from sliding down
during rotation.
 The level of drum can be adjusted
by top screw lift.
SHAFT
Parts of Kymograph contd…
Gears:
employed for changing the shaft
speed .

Gear box
Parts of Kymograph contd…
 A lever is employed for
changing gears.
 The lever has two prongs, two
prongs have to be pressed
together to move it up or down
for engaging at particular speed
slot.
 One slot marked (N) Neutral
where the gear gets disengaged
from the motor.
Fastest: 320 / 640 mm/sec
Slowest: 0.12 / 0.25 mm/sec
Gear box
Clutch

Clutch :
 Clutch lever which engages or disengages the gear.
 This is used to start or stop the drum and must be used every
time before changing the gears.
 This prevents the damage to gear.
 The cylinder may be rotated easily by hand when the clutch
lever is in horizontal (OFF) position.
Clutch

Engage Disengage
Parts of Kymograph contd….
Contact Block:
 A contact block is fitted on
the top of kymograph body
at level of striker.

Contact Block
Parts of Kymograph contd….
 It has a spring contact bearing ,a
plastic button and two electrical
terminal.
 When these terminal are included in
primary circuit, this circuit will be
completed only when the striker
pushes the spring contact into bring
the two platinum points into contact
with each other.
 Thus contact block terminals function
as simple key in primary circuit.
 Their purpose being to mark the point
of stimulation on the recording surface.
Parts of Kymograph contd….
Contact button:
 specially designed key mounted on kymograph
 It gets closed momentarily when rotating projected striker
presses upon it.

Contact
knob
Parts of Kymograph contd….
Contact arm /
Projecting strikers:
 A pair of these are fixed to
base of vertical shaft.
 They can be kept closed
together or drawn apart to form
any desired angle between
them.
 The two arms of striker can be
drawn apart when two stimuli
one after the other are required.
Projecting striker
Parts of Kymograph contd….
 On each rotation of drum,
the contact button will be pressed
either once or twice in close
association at a precise interval of
time.

 They are fitted stiff enough on the


shaft to rotate with it and strike
past the contact button.

Projecting striker
Parts of Kymograph contd…
Drum:
 Sherrington starling Drum
 It is made up of aluminum alloy
 6" × 6" (15cm x 15cm)
cylinder with white glazed
paper pasted on it.
 Drum is mounted on the shaft
of kymograph
 Drum grip latch provided on
top of drum fixes the drum to
axle and prevents drum from
sliding down the shaft. Kymograph with Sherrington
starling drum
Parts of Kymograph contd…
 Drum grip latch provided on top of drum fixes the drum to axle
and prevents drum from sliding down the shaft
Parts of Kymograph contd…
Leveling screws:
 Two leveling screws are provided at base which help in proper
leveling of kymograph in horizontal plain.

Leveling screws
Uses of kymograph
Physiology:
1. It is used to study physiological parameters in dog, rat, frog,
guinea pig, rabbit…etc like
 Blood pressure
 Intestinal movements
 Heart rate
 Splenic and kidney volume changes

2. In humans it is used to measure


 Genesis of fatigue in arm muscles(Mossoergograph)
 Reflex time
 Chest movements during respiration(Stethography)
Uses of kymograph
Pharmacology:
It is used in Bioassay i.e
 In amphibian experiments it is used to study contractile
responses of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle in response to
drugs.

 Recording Blood Pressure in response to drugs in dog, rabbit


and other mammalians.

 Recording intestinal movements in mammalians i.e guinea


pig
Precautions:
 Kymograph should be properly leveled by using leveling screws
at its base.

 Drum should be tightly fixed to vertical shaft.

 Drum should always be rotated clockwise.

 Writing lever should always be arranged on right side of drum.

 Writing lever should be tangential with the recording surface.


Precautions:
 Initial and resting position of writing lever should always be
horizontal.

 Tracing should be taken at least one inch above the lower edge of
drum.

 Contact arm should be tightly fixed.

 Tip of writing lever should touch the smoked surface evenly and
lightly.
THANK
YOU

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