Methods and Materials

of
BUSINESS
RESEARCH

SPEAKER;

ROLANDO B. GONZALES JR., MBA (CAR)

FLOW OF THE LECTURE;

 Chapter One
 Introduction to Business Research

 Chapter Two
 Development and Formulation of Business Research

 Chapter Three
 Formulating the Theoretical Framework

 Chapter Four
 Designing the Research Methodology
 Chapter Five
 Actual Data Gathering

 Chapter Six
 Analysis and Presentation of Data

 Chapter Seven
 The Research Proposal

Bibliography
Appendices
Glossary
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction to Business Research

1.1 Definition of Business Research

1.2 Importance of Business Research
1.3 Major Steps in Research
1.4 Common Types of Business Research
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS
RESEARCH
 THE MEANING OF RESEARCH

 Research can be defined in many ways. On the basis of its

structure, the word research has two key words; re and
search, that is to search again. Here a person may search
again to take another more careful look, to find out more.
(Selltiz, et.al. 1976 as cited by Ardales, 2001)

 “Research may be defined as systematic and objective

analysis and recording of controlled observation that may
lead to the development of generalizations, principles or
theories, resulting in predictions and possibly ultimate control
of events.” (according to Best and Khan 1993)
 Kerlinger (1986) maintains that:
“Research is a systematic, controlled, empirical
and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by
theory and hypothesis about the presumed relations among
such phenomena.”

 On the other hand, Good and Scates (1972) maintain that:

“Research
is a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in techniques
and methods according to the nature and conditions of the
problem identified, directed toward the clarification of
resolution of the problem
 And according to the Author – Divina M. Edralin
(Business Research Concept and Application 2002)
“Business Research is a
systematic process of answering question or a problem,
involving the methodical formulation of a theoretical
framework and methodology; collection, analysis, and
interpretation of pertinent data; and presentation of
recommendations from which courses of action can be
taken.”
 IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

BUSINESS RESEARCH

FIRM INDIVIDUAL

Effective Financial and Provide Quality Acquire Skills in Research

Control Management Product/Services

Expansion Effective and Efficient Additional Income

(Physical/Manpower/ Labor
Capital)
Sustain Competitive Possible Career
Customer Satisfaction Advantage

Financial Stability Provide Inputs to Policy

(Liquidity and Solvency Recommendation
Innovation / Diversification
of Product/Services
Improve Current Contribute New Knowledge
Trends/Practices to the Field
High Productivity
Develop Innovative
Optimum Profit Research Techniques and Personal Fulfillment
Method

FIGURE 1. IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

MAJOR STEPS IN RESEARCH
 The steps in conducting business research are;

1. Identification of Research Problem

2. Formulation of Research Problem and Objectives
3. Development of Theoretical Framework
4. Designing the Research Methodology
5. Collecting, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
6. Presentation of Conclusions and Recommendations
7. Taking Course of Action
Figure 2. Steps in Research

1. Identification of 2. Formulation of Research

Research Problem Problem and Objective

7. Taking Course of 3. Development of

Action Theoretical Framework

6. Presentation of
4. Designing the Research
Conclusions and
Methodology
Recommendations

5. Collection, Analysis, and

Interpretation of Data
COMMON TYPES OF BUSINESS
RESEARCH
Given the nature of the business industry and the existing state of
competitive in a globalized economy, research must take a functional
or utilitarian value.

1. Feasibility Studies
2. Industry Studies
3. Corporate Studies
4. Case Studies
5. Other Types of Applied Research
6. Basic Research
TABLE 1. COMPARISON OF THE TYPES OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

Type Purpose Scope Respondent Analysis

Determines the Usually cover one Selected through Percentage,
viability of a project/service and sampling. This is Regression,
Feasibility product/service/ looks at the marketing, done for the ratios, T-test,
Study project w/c is not production, market study. Z-test, or Chi-
yet operational. management, legal, & square Test.
financial aspects
Analyze the past Covers one industry Selected either Frequency,
and present and looks at the through total Percentage,
performance of marketing , production enumeration or Time-series,
Industry companies and management, and sampling of firms Ratios,
predicts the future financial aspects.it also within the industry. Regression
Study of the firm in the looks into legislation
industry. affecting the industry.
Aims to propose Covers one firm and Key informants Content
strategies to looks at a combination Analysis,
Corporate improve company or all of the functional Percentage,
Strategy performance. areas. Frequency
 Type Purpose Scope Respondent Analysis
Describes/ Covers particular topic Key informants Content
Explores patterns of interest of a person Analysis,
Case Study or events in depth or company Percentage,
manner. Frequency
Objective can be Depends on the Selected either Parametric,
descriptive, objective of the study. through total Non-
Other Types correlative, or enumeration or parametric
of Applied comparative, to sampling. (No Statistics
offer solutions or applicable if
Research expand purpose is for
knowledge. theory
development.)
Aims to develop a Covers one specific Mathematical
theory or concept. theory or concept or a modelling,
Basic group of related Econometric
Research theories and concepts. Techniques
 TABLE 2. EXAMPLE OF CASE STUDIES

1. A Case Study of Barrowers of the Professional Moneylenders in

Bacolod City
2. International Capital Market: A Case of Portfolio Diversification
3. The Business Philosophy, Management Styles, and Growth
Strategies of Henry Sy, Jr.: A Case Study
4. A Case of Privatization Strategy
5. A Case Study to Determine and Compare the Socialization Practices
of the Top Corporations in the Philippines
6. Grand Regal Hotel – Bacolod: A Case Study on the Level of Market
Competitiveness
7. A Case Study on the Level of Customer Satisfaction of L’fisher
Hotel Bacolod
8. The Management Style on Marketing and Operation of Planta Hotel
- Bacolod: A Case Study
TABLE 3. OUTLINE FORMAT OF A CASE STUDY

1. Abstract of the Study

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Methodology
1.3 Major findings
1.4 Conclusion
1.5 Recommendations
2. Introduction of the Study
2.1 Background of the Study
2.1.1 Description of the general context in which the problem
is to be viewed and discussed.
2.1.2 Description of the situation in and the process by which
problem arose and developed.
2.1.3 Reason for choosing the topic.
2.2 Review of related literature
2.2.1 Discussion of previous studies, results, and findings
related to the problem chosen.
2.2.2 Brief History (optional).
 2.3 Statement of the problem
2.4 Statement of the objective
2.4.1 General Objective.
2.4.2 Specific Objective
2.5 Scope and limitations of the study
3. Theoretical Framework of the Study
3.1 Assumptions
3.2 Operational definition
3.3 Conceptual framework
3.4 Operational framework
4. Methodology of the Study
4.1 Research design
4.2 Method of data collection
4.2.1 Research instruments
4.2.2 Data gathering procedure
4.3 Method of data analysis
5. Results and Discussion
(usually presented per objective or hypothesis made)

6. Conclusion

7. Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendices
CHAPTER TWO
2. Development and Formulation of Research Problem

2.1 Identification and Selection of the research problem

2.2 Formulation of the Research Problem and Objectives
2.3 Review of Related Literature
2.4 Significance of the Study
2.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM
For a beginning researcher the most difficult part is the identification of the
research problem for investigation.

Mudrick (1969)
“in general terms, a problem is a felt need, question thrown.”

Sekaran (1992)
“a situation where a gap exists between the actual and desired ideal
state.”

Gay and Diehl (1992)

“a hypothesis or question of interest to business people and managers
that can be tested or answered through the collection and analysis of data.”
FIGURE 3. STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH PROBLEM

Surf the
Internet
Inquire from
Read the Business
Literature Practitioners

Strategies
Inquire from
to Identify Ask
other
Agencies research Technocrats
Problem

Interview
Attend Business
Conferences
Leaders
Ask
Recognize
Academicians
FIGURE 4. PRESENTS THE CRITERIA FOR PROBLEM SELECTION

Newness of
Topic

Significance Qualification
of Topic of Researcher

Criteria for
Problem
selection
Availability Availability
of Resources of Data

Time
Constraints
FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND
OBJECTIVES

Criteria for Formulating the Research Problem

 The research problem is written in question form
 The research problem identifies the specific area
 The topic is phrased in workable and manageable terms
 The scope is limited to realistic parameters that are not to narrow nor to
broad
 The words used are unbiased, objective, and not emotion-laden
 The relationship between variables to be studied are clearly cited
 The phrases and wordings are measurable and can be empirically proven
 The research problem identifies the data and techniques needed to
answer the questions
 The research problem is stated clearly in grammatical terms
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FORMS TO READY
 Letter in Conducting the Study
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x

 Authority to Conduct Survey

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SURVEY.doc
Criteria for Formulating the Research Objectives

 Research objectives must be stated in declarative form

 Specific variables to be investigated must be written clearly
 Concepts to be studied must be measurable
 The scope of the study must be attained
 Each Statement must be related to the main problem
 The relationships and patterns to be tested must be specified
rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\7. Chapter 1.doc
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Importance of Review of Related Literature

 Serves as a source of research problem which can be gathered from
existing studies
 Ensures that important variables relevant to the study are not
overlooked
 Establishes the need / significance / justification in conducting the
present study
 Provides a historical background / perspective about the study
 Serves as a basis for the development of theoretical / conceptual
framework
 Avoids the unnecessary duplication of selecting a research problem
which has been done before
 Helps to give more focus, direction, and clarity to the study
 Familiarizes the reader with previous studies done related to the
present topic
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Guidelines in Undertaking an Adequate Related Literature
Survey

1. Identify the relevant data sources

Data may be obtained from published and unpublished works available
in libraries and offices.
2. Develop a systematic procedure and note taking skill in
collecting literature survey data
Familiarity with the location of the materials in library and
possessing computer skills in accessing and downloading database
information as well as taking notes in every data collected, observed, and
interviewed.
3. Write a concise review of related literature
Data should be presented by topic or variable based on the
objectives of the study and information should not be too detailed nor to
brief to present.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One of the primary considerations in undertaking research is the

immediate or long-term benefits accruing to the end user.

Organizational
Individual Level Others
Level

• Researchers • Firms • Government

• Students • Industry • Communities
• Employees • Associations • Consumers
• Managers • Schools • Suppliers
• Entrepreneur • Funding • Investors
Agencies

Figure 5. Beneficiaries of Business Research

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The Statement of the research problem requires a detailed explanations
of the study’s parameters and limitations. The section on scope and
limitations should indicate study coverage with concrete reference to:

1. Variables
2. Sources of Data
3. Method(s) to be employed in data collection and
analysis
4. Timeframe
5. Constraints that might encountered in the conduct
of the investigation
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\ABE\Scope and Limitation Sample.docx
CHAPTER THREE
3. Formulating the Theoretical Framework

3.1 Hypothesis
3.2 Assumptions
3.3 Operational Definition
3.4 Conceptual and Operational Framework
HYPOTHESIS

According to Best and Khan (1993), a hypothesis is a formal

affirmative statement predicting a single research outcome, a tentative
explanation of the relationship between two or more variables.

To Gay (1990), it is a tentative explanation for certain behaviors,

phenomena, or events that have occurred or will occur. The researcher
does not set out to prove his or her hypothesis but rather collects data
that either support the hypothesis or do not support it.

Edralin (2002), hypothesis is a supposition of an occurrence of an

event that can be tested. It is not a wild speculation but rather an
educated guess which can be proven empirically. In addition, it enables
the researcher to formulate a provisional explanation of outcome that
can serve as a guide in the investigation.
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS

 They provide guide and direction to the researcher

 They introduce the researcher’s ideas about the study

 They suggest the type of data that must be collected

 They suggest the type of analysis that must be made

 They indicate the types of statistical tools appropriate to

various test to be conducted
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis can be classified into two namely the null

hypothesis, denoted by Hₒ and the alternative hypothesis ,
is denoted by Hₐ. These hypothesis are always stated in
declarative form. In particular, the null hypothesis Hₒ is the
hypothesis to be tested. This is the hypothesis of “no
effect”, “no relationship”, “no difference” in which the
researchers doubt to be true.
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF A NULL
HYPOTHESIS

 Hₒ: There is no difference on the average score s of the

fourth and sixth grade pupil’s in reading.

 Hₒ: There is no relationship between personality type and

job success

 Hₒ: The brand of ice cream preferred is independent of

the buyer’s are, gender, and income.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE NULL HYPOTHESIS STATES:
 The alternative hypothesis Hₐ on the other hand is a
contradiction of the null hypothesis.
 Hₒ: The average IQ of the students is equal to 110

Then there can be three possible alternative hypothesis

that can be formed namely:

 Hₐ: The average IQ of the students is less than 110

 Hₐ: The average IQ of the students is greater than 110
 Hₐ: The average IQ of the students is not equal to 110
CATEGORY OF THE STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
 Descriptive Methods of Research
It uses quantitative methods to describe and report “what is”. It
involves collecting data in order to test a hypothesis or find out answers
concerning the present status of the subjects under study. Also it
predicts the existence, size, form, and distribution of variables, or
characterizes what is typical in a group.
 Two Classification of Descriptive Method:
 Descriptive-Survey Method - uses survey in a large number of
respondents.
 Descriptive-Normative Method - uses comparison of data.

Example:
 Null Hypothesis (Hₒ)
 Hₒ : ӆO = 91.23% (The true value of the product’s market acceptability is
equal to 91.23%)
 Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ)
 Hₐ : ӆO > 91.23% (The true value of the product’s market

acceptability is greater than 91.23%)

 Explanatory or Casual-Comparative Research
Is like correlational research, describes conditions that already
exists. Its approach, therefore , involves starting with an effect and
seeking possible causes. In casual comparative research, we consider
two variables, DEPENDENT Variable is the “effect”, while the
INDEPENDENT Variable is the “cause”

Example:
 Null Hypothesis (Hₒ)
 Hₒ : χ1 = 0 (The change on the amount of sales commission given the
sales force has no effect on the monthly unit sale)
 Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ)
 Hₐ : χ1 ≠ 0 (The change on the amount of sales commission given the

sales force has a significant effect on the monthly unit sale)

 Relational Format
Is a statement of conjecture expressing directional and nondirectional
relationship, such as existence of difference or correlations (or that the variables occur
together in some specified manner without an implication that one causes the other.)

Example:

 Null Hypothesis (Hₒ)

 Hₒ : The organizational culture in the custom brokerage industry has no significant correlation with
employee behavior with respect to:
 Job Satisfaction

 Job Performance

 Organizational Commitment

 Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ)

 Hₐ : The organizational culture of the companies in the customs brokerage industry has a
significant correlation with employee behavior w/ respect to:
 Job Satisfaction
 Job Performance
 Organizational Commitment

 Hypothesis Example: rbg new docs\RESEARCH\ABE\Hypothesis Sample.docx

ASSUMPTIONS

Posses the “truth function” and “relevance-grounding”

characteristics or the statement of the premises of the study
must be based on what is true and operational in the field
of discipline under research, and these must be relevant to
the problem, objectives, hypothesis, and theories of the
study.
ILLUSTRATION OF STATING THE STUDY’S
ASSUMPTIONS IS AS FALLOWS:
The general purpose of this study is to empirically estimate the
magnitude of the direct relationship of the depreciation of peso to the
manufacturer’s price.

The fallowing statements of assumptions were posed to support

the study:

1. The existing relation between Producer’s Price Index and

Exchange Rate is direct or positive.
2. Industries are engaged in both import and export activities.
3. Capital and Labor are the major inputs in the
production process.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Defining the variables or concepts is simply explaining
abstract meaning base on available dictionaries, books, or
manuals of the discipline. On the other hand, operationally
defining the variables involves the transformation of the
abstract meaning into observable and measurable data
levels or components in the context of the present
investigation.

Definition of Terms Sample: rbg

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FOUR LEVELS OF DATA MEASUREMENTS

 Nominal
 It uses numbers of symbols for the purpose of categorizing
subjects into group or categories which are mutually exclusive.
Thus being in one category automatically excludes one from
being a member of another category. Moreover, the categories
are exhaustive, that is, all possible categories of a variable
should be included.

 Ordinal
 Possesses all the properties of the nominal data. Hence it can
be said that an ordinal data is an improvement of the nominal
data because in here, the data are ranked/ordered in somewhat
“bottom to top” or “high to low” scheme.
 Interval
 Possesses all the properties od the nominal and ordinal data.
Hence the data are numeric in nature and the distances
between any two numbers are known. However, interval data,
although numeric, does not have a stable starting point or
absolute zero.

 Ratio Measurement
 Possesses all the properties of the nominal, ordinal and
interval data. It is also numeric in nature and has an absolute
zero point. Thus, in a ratio data, we can classify, order/rank
them and likewise we can also compare their magnitude.
CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

 Conceptual Framework
 It present the interrelationships of theories, principles, and belief
that are essential investigation of the present problem
 The conceptual framework of the study is based on the systems
concept and behavioral approach in conflict resolution as
integrated in a model.
by: Flippo (1994)

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FIGURE 1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Formation and Sustenance of
Organizational Culture

Philosophy of Organizations Founders

SELECTION CRITERIA

Top Management Socialization

 Pre-arrival
 Encounter
Organizational Culture  Menamorphis
Characteristics

 Innovation and Risk-taking

 Attention to Details
 Outcome Orientation HIGH performance
 People Orientation
 Team Orientation
 Aggressiveness LOW satisfaction
 Operational Framework
Offers functional and workable model in undertaking the
investigation. In this section, the schematic diagram is presented to
identify clearly the relationships between and among the variables.
The schematic diagram enables the readers to visualize the
relationships among the variables.

A Variables is a concept to be investigated. Variables are

commonly classified as independent, dependent, and intervening.
 Independent Variable is the determinant or explanatory factor for any
change s in the other variable.
 Dependent Variable is the precedent of effect factor which reveals the
changes caused by the independent variable.
 Intervening Variable comes between the independent and dependent
variable.
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FIGURE 2. OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Organizational Culture Employee Behavior

Characteristics • Job Satisfaction
• Job Performance
Innovation and risk taking • Organizational Commitment
Attention to detail
Outcome orientation Organizational Performance
People orientation • Financial Condition
Team orientation • Sales
Aggressiveness • Productivity
Stability • Turnover

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Company Profile
• Nature of business
• No. of years in operation
• Form of ownership
• Types of ownership
• No. of employees
• Present size of capital
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Designing the Research Methodology

4.1 Research Design

4.2 Sampling
4.3 Methods of Data Collection
4.5 Methods of Data Analysis
RESEARCH DESIGN
It appears to be a schema that maps out the sources of data, the
type of data to be collected, how the data will be collected, and the
method to be used in data analysis.

Exploratory

Causal/
Descriptive
Explanatory

Types of
Action
Research Correlational
Research
Design

Experimental Comparative
Figure 6. rbg
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TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 Descriptive Research
 Is conducted to illustrate and determine patterns or characteristics of variables in
particular instances or events. In the statement of specific objectives some of the
more appropriate verbs to be use are describe, determine, analyze, explain, define,
and illustrate.
 Explanatory Research
 Is undertaken to gather initial data patterns or characteristics of variables in a
evaluation where studies have not been done or minimal data are available to
establish significant patterns or relationship of variables in specified scope. In the
statement of specific objectives, some of the more appropriate verbs to use are
explore, find out, know, examine, and investigate.
 Causal/Explanatory Research
 Is carried out to ascertain that the occurrence of, or change in, the independent
variables leads to changes in the independent variables. In the statement of specific
objectives, some of the appropriate verbs to use are analyze, explain, and identify.
 Correlation Research
 Is conducted to establish the fact that the outcome of certain patterns of relationship
occur together in a specified manner without suggesting that one variable cause the
other variable to change. The most appropriate verb to use in specific objectives is
correlate or interrelate.
 Comparative Research
 Is undertaken to confirm if two or more variables reveal similar or different patterns
or characteristics when compared, using a set of variables as standard bases. In the
statement of specific objectives, some of the more appropriate verbs and phrases to
use are compare, determine similarities, find out differences, and contrast.
 Evaluative Research
 Is conducted to assess performance outcome or impact of a set of variables on another
one. This design consider an adequate time span to pinpoint the effects accurately. The
appropriate verbs to use in the statement of specific objectives are evaluate, assess,
appraise, measure, and quantify.
 Experimental Research
 Is undertaken to determine the possible cause-and-effect relationships through
experimental and control groups. Such research design is usually done in simulated
environment. In the statement of specific objectives, some of the more appropriate
phrases to use are determine the effects, examine the differences, compare the results,
and analyze the influence.
 Action Research
 Is conducted to develop or recommend fresh approaches, policies, programs,
strategies, or skills, to solve problems in an actual organizational setting. This is the
most applied oriented research. In the statement of the specific objectives, some of the
most appropriate verbs/phrases to use are develop, propose, suggest, recommend,
determine alternative approaches, identify solutions, and formulate policies.
SAMPLING
    Is the process of choosing adequate and representative
elements from the population. By studying the sample, the
researcher is able to draw insights and conclusions for the
entire population.
 Also makes the scope of the study manageable because of the
small number of respondents to be covered, and increase the
likelihood of obtaining more reliable and accurate result.

 Adequacy - sample size (n),

 Desired Confidence Level – (alpha:)
 Room for Error – e
 Confidence Level - .01, .05, .10
SAMPLE SIZE FORMULA
   Philippine Social Science Council Survey Series

n = NZ² /2 p (1-p)
NE² + Z² /2 p (1-p)
Where;

1. at 95% confidence level Z 2 = 1.96

/

at 90% confidence level Z /2 = 1.65

at 99% confidence level Z /2 = 2.58
2. Assume proportion p = 0.5
(as preliminary estimate)
3. Sampling error E normally assumes the
values: 0.025; 0.05; 0.10
SLOVEN FORMULA
A random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size. It also
allows a researcher to sample the population with a desired degree of accuracy.

Sloven Formula Where:

   

n = Sample Size
n = _ N__ N = Population
1 + Ne2 e = Allowance Margin of Error
   
 

n = _____70 ______ = _____ 70 ______ = _____70______

1 + 70 (.05) 2 1 + 70 (.003256) 1.175
 
n = 59.57 or 60
 
Sample Population = 70

 The researchers considered sixty (60) respondents to determine the problems

encountered by the employees toward the management of Imperial Appliance Plaza-
Bacolod.
 rbg new docs\RESEARCH\ABE\Sampling Sample.docx
FIGURE 7. SAMPLING PROCESS

1. Define the Population from which the Sample to be Drawn

Ex. Car owner of 1997 Models living in Alabang

2. Specify the Population Frame from which the Sample Will Be Taken
Ex. Listing of the Land Ttransportation Office

3. Choose the Sampling Method of Selecting Samples

Ex. Probability using random sampling or non-probability using Quota Sampling

4. Determine the Sample Size Requirement for the Study

Ex. Using the (sample size formula given)

5. Select the Actual Samples

FIGURE 8. TYPES OF SAMPLING DESIGN

Sampling Design

PROBABILITY NON- PROBABILITY

 Random  Quota
 Systematic  Judgment
 Stratified  Convenience
 Cluster  Accidental
 Area  Snowball
 Double  Purposive
 Multi-stage
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

 The researcher has two major options in collecting data:

(1) primary data collection (e.g., survey, observation) and
(2) secondary data collection.

 Primary Data Collection

 Survey is relatively easy and quick way of finding out
people’s response to the research problem being investigated.
The common survey techniques are personal interview,
telephone interview, self-administered questionnaire, mailed
questionnaire, and e-mail/internet. - Clover Balsley (1979)
 Observation Is a method requires observing people by
systematically looking at behavioral and non-behavioral
phenomena with the use of one’s senses and or with the aid of
a camera, one-way mirror, and/or recording instrument in
observing people.
GUIDES IN CONSTRUCTING A QUESTIONNAIRE

Guides in Constructing a Questionnaire

Content Other Features

 Purpose  Introduction
 Language  Appearance
 Type of Question  Personal Data
 Measurement

GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE

RBG
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 Reliability Form
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 Validation of Survey Instrument

 rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\VALIDATION OF SURVEY INSTRUMENT.doc
 rbg new docs\RESEARCH\LCC FINAL DRAFT\18. VALIDATION OF SURVEY INSTRUMENT.doc

 Secondary Data Collection

 Involves the acquisition of data from secondhand sources like
statistical publications, census report, financial statements,
annual reports, brochures, catalogues, and other documents
and reports.
METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
 Data analysis involves the application of the appropriate
statistical tools to generate results which can be
interpreted meaningfully to answer the research problem
posed at the beginning of the investigation.

Most Commonly used Method of Data Analysis; (e.g.)

Method of Data Analysis
The data gathered were analyzed and carefully processed
and tabulated through the application of statistical tools,
which were dependent upon the data to be analyzed and the
hypothesis formula. The statistical tools used were the
percentile rank, Sloven formula and Anova in accordance to
the statement of the problem stated in the study.
SLOVEN AND ANOVA FORMULA

Sloven Formula Where:

 
 
n = _ N__ n = Sample Size
1 + Ne2 N = Population
  e = Allowance Margin of Error
 

Anova Formula
 
X = ∑( X* Row 5) + (( X* Row 4) + ( X* Row 3) + ( X* Row 2) + ( X* Row 1)
N
Where:
X = Sample Mean
N = Total Respondents
x = Mean
 
CHAPTER FIVE

5. Actual Data Gathering

5.1 Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Research

5.2 Common Difficulties in the Conduct of
Research
ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH
 The respondent, once he/she has consented to participate in
the study, is obliged to give full cooperation by providing
truthful data.
 The researcher, on the other hand, has a number of
responsibilities to fulfill in relation to the respondent,
among which are to:
 Explain fully the purpose of the study
 Disclose the sponsoring organization of the research
 Discuss the specific duties and data expected from the
respondent
 Introduce oneself properly by showing credentials
 Respect the right to privacy of the individual
 Ensure data confidentiality
 Avoid bribing or threatening respondent in exchange for
information
 Respect the opinion of the respondent and never argue with
respondent on answer to questions posed
 Record objectively and accurately the responses given; avoid
misinterpretation by checking with respondent the
information that needs clarification
 Acknowledge all data sources in the final report
 Provide the respondent a copy of the report, if this was a
commitment at the start of the project
 Properly disseminate information on the result of the study. It
will help if validation meetings with the respondents are held
before the report is finalized.
SEQUENCE OF CASE STUDY
1. Title Page
 rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\1. TITTLE PAGE.doc

2. Approval Sheet
 rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\2. APPROVAL SHEET.doc
3. Acknowledgement
 rbg
new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.doc
4. Dedication
 rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\4. DEDICATION.doc
5. Table of Contents
 rbg
new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\5. TABLE OF CONTENT
S.doc
6. List of Tables and Figures
 rbg
new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\6. LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURES.do
c
7. Chapter I
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\7. Chapter 1.doc

8. Chapter II
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\8. Chapter 2.doc

9. Chapter III
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\9. Chapter 3.doc

10. Chapter IV
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\10. Chapter 4.doc

11. Chapter V
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\11. Chapter 5.doc

12. Chapter VI
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\12. Chapter 6.doc
13. Bibliography
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\LCC FINAL DRAFT\12. BIBLIOGRAPHY.doc

14. Appendics A
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\APPENDICS A.doc

15. Appendics B
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\APPENDIX B.doc
16. Letter in Conducting Research
- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\LETTER IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH.doc

17. Authority to Conduct Survey

- rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT SURVEY.doc

18. Survey Questionnaire

rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\SURVEY QUESTIONNER.doc

19. Reliability Form

rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\RELIABILITY FORM.doc
20. Validation of Survey Instrument
rbg new docs\RESEARCH\BCC RESEARCH\VALIDATION OF SURVEY INSTRUMENT.doc

21. Curriculum Vitae

22. Gallery
THANK YOU!!!

 Deadline of Chapter 1, 2, 3…
 Until Monday Only
 Hard Copy/Computerized
 Exams Topic
 Seminar Discussion

(Finalize your title and have your letter in conducting survey

and authority to conduct survey on Monday)