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On Power System Operation and Control Vii Sem (Iare-R16)

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89 views19 pages

On Power System Operation and Control Vii Sem (Iare-R16)

Uploaded by

harshini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PPT ON

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND


CONTROL
VII SEM (IARE-R16)
UNIT 1
ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER
SYSTEMS
Hydro-Thermal Scheduling

Here we will study the combination of Hydro and Thermal plants.


Hydro Thermal plant supply excess hydro-power during periods of
high water run-off to other states and can
receive thermal power during periods of low water runoff
from other states.
At low hydro potential and large coal reserves this makes the
thermal stations to operate at high load factors.
Hydro-Thermal Scheduling

There is a need for the development of hydro-power plants due to


the following reasons.
1. Due to the increment of power in the load demand from all
sides such
as industrial, agricultural, commercial, and domestic.
2. Due to the high cost of fuel (coal).
3. Due to the limited range of fuel.
Hydro-Thermal Scheduling

The factors on which the economic operation of a combined


hydro-thermal system depends are as follows:
 Load cycle.
 Incremental fuel costs of thermal power stations.
 Expected water inflow in hydro-power stations.
 Water head that is a function of water storage in hydro-power
 stations.
 Hydro-power generation.
 Incremental transmission loss (ITL).
Comparision between thermal and
Hydel power plants
Thermal Power Plant Hydel Power Plant
It is non-renewable source It is renewable source of
of energy energy
Initial cost is low Initial cost is high
But operational cost is high But operational cost is low
It produces air pollution It is a clean source of
Energy
Requires several hours to make the Can be started easily and can
boilers, super heater ready to take assigned a load in very short time
the load.
Slow in response. can handle fast-changing loads
effectively.
Suitable to operate as base load Sutible to operate as peak load plants.
plants plants.
Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal
System

 Operation of the system having both hydro and thermal power plants is a

complex method.

 We perform static optimization when the plant is thermal power plant

 But hydro thermal scheduling is a dynamic optimization due to the water

constraint i.e. water availability.

 There are basically three types of hydroelectric plant but we use storage

type because optimization possible in storage tank


Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal
System

Schematic Diagram of a Hydrothermal System


Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal
System
 The objective of the hydrothermal scheduling problem is to

determine the water releases from each reservoir of the hydro

system at each stage such that the operation cost is

minimized along the planning period.


Classification of Hydrothermal scheduling

Hydrothermal scheduling is classified into two parts , that are

a)Long range Problem : This type of scheduling having the

scheduling interval of a month or a year.

b)Short range Problem : This type of scheduling having the

scheduling interval of a day or a week.


Long range problem Hydrothermal scheduling

 Long range problem includes the yearly cyclic nature of reservoir water

inflows and seasonal load demand and correspondingly a scheduling

period of one year is used

 This involves the long-range forecasting of water availability and the scheduling

of reservoir water releases for an interval of time that depends on the

reservoir capacities

 Long-range scheduling involves optimizing a policy in the context of

unknowns such as load, hydraulic inflows and unit availabilities (steam

and hydro).
Short Term range problem Hydrothermal scheduling

 Optimisation of a hydro or hydrothermal system comprises a family

of interacting problems characterised by differing time scales,

degrees of detail and accuracy of information.

 This work is concerned with the study of the short term (daily)

scheduling of generating plant in power systems with only hydro

generation or of integrated (hydro-thermal) power systems with a

significant proportion of hydro generation.

 The shorter the time span, the greater the detail and data accuracy.
Short Term range problem Hydrothermal scheduling

 Short-range hydro-scheduling (1 day to 1 week) involves the


hour-by-hour scheduling of all generation on a system to
achieve minimum production cost for the given time period.
 The short term hydrothermal scheduling problem is
classified into two groups
1. Fixed head hydro thermal scheduling
2. Variable head hydro thermal scheduling
Short Term range problem Hydrothermal scheduling

The following are the few important methods for short-term


hydro-thermal co-ordination:
 1. Constant hydro-generation method: a scheduled amount
of water at a constant head is used such that the hydro-
power generation is kept constant throughout the operating
period.
 2. Constant thermal generation method: Thermal power
generation is kept constant throughout the operating period
in such a way that the hydro-power plants use a specified and
scheduled amount of water
Short Term range problem Hydrothermal scheduling

The following are the few important methods for short-term


hydro-thermal co-ordination:
 3. Maximum hydro-efficiency method: during peak load
periods, the hydropower plants are operated at their
maximum efficiency; during off-peak load periods they
operate at an efficiency nearer to their maximum–efficiency
4. Kirchmayer’s method:
SOLUTION OF SHORT-TERM HYDRO-THERMAL SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS—KIRCHMAYER’S METHOD

 In this method, the co-ordination equations are derived in


terms of penalty factors of both plants for obtaining the
optimum scheduling of a hydro-thermal system and hence it
is also known as the penalty factor method of solution of
short-term hydro-thermal scheduling problems.
 As it is a short-range problem, there will not be any
appreciable change in the level of water in the reservoirs
during the interval
SOLUTION OF SHORT-TERM HYDRO-THERMAL SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS—KIRCHMAYER’S METHOD

The objective function is to minimize the cost of


generation:

subject to the equality constraints

The coefficient γ must be selected so as to use the


specified amount of water during the operating period
SOLUTION OF SHORT-TERM HYDRO-THERMAL SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS—KIRCHMAYER’S METHOD

For a particular load demand PD

For a particular hydro-plant x


SOLUTION OF SHORT-TERM HYDRO-THERMAL SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS—KIRCHMAYER’S METHOD

the transmission loss P is


expressed as

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