Unit 1

UNIT I - CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS:

• Continuous Time signals (CT signals)
• Discrete Time signals (DT signals)
• Elementary CT signals and DT signals
• Classification of CT and DT signals
• Basic properties of systems
• Classification CT systems and DT systems
• Linear time invariant systems and properties.
 Introduction

• What is a Signal?
• A signal is a pattern of variation of some form, Signals are variables that carry
information
• A signal is formally defined as a function of one or more variable that conveys
information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.
• One dimensional signal: function of a single variable. Eg. Speech signal
• Two dimensional signal: functions of two variables. Eg. Image
• Examples of signal include:
– Electrical signals
– Voltages and currents in a circuit
– Acoustic signals
– Acoustic pressure (sound) over time
– Mechanical signals
– Velocity of a car over time
– Video signals
– Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time
• How is a Signal Represented?
– Mathematically, signals are represented as a function of one or more
independent variables.
– For instance a black & white video signal intensity is dependent on x,
y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t)
– On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with signals that
are a function of a single variable: time
• x(t)- input signal
f(t)
• y(t) – output signal

t
 System

• A system is formally defined as an entity that manipulates one

or more signals to accomplish a function, thereby yielding new
signals.
• System is a functional blocks that are connected together to
produce output with respect to the input.
 Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals

• Continuous-Time Signals
– Most signals in the real world are x(t)
continuous time, as the scale is
infinitesimally fine.
– Eg voltage, velocity,
– Denote by x(t), where the time interval t
may be bounded (finite) or infinite
• Discrete-Time Signals
– Some real world and many digital
signals are discrete time, as they are x[n]
sampled
– E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything
that a digital computer processes)
– Denote by x[n], where n is an integer
value that varies discretely n

• Sampled continuous signal

– x[n] =x(nk) – k is sample time
 Major Application Areas

• Communications
• Audio and Speech processing
• Image, Video Processing
• Acoustics
• Circuit Design
• Seismology
• Biomedical Engineering
• Bioinformatics
• Energy Generation and distribution System
• Chemical Process Control
• Aeronautics
 Elementary of Signals

• Elementary Signals
1. Exponential Signals
2. Sinusoidal Signals
3. Step function
4. Ramp function

• Serve as building blocks for the construction of more complex

signals , Can be used to model many physical signals that occur
in nature
 Measuring Signals

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Amplitude
0 1 22 43 64 85 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 274 295 316 337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652 673 694 715

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

Period
 Definitions

• Voltage – the force which moves an electrical current

against resistance

• Waveform – the shape of the signal (previous slide is a sine

wave) derived from its amplitude and frequency over a fixed
time (other waveform is the square wave)

• Amplitude – the maximum value of a signal, measured

from its average state

• Frequency (pitch) – the number of cycles produced in a

second – Hertz (Hz). Relate this to the speed of a
processor eg 1.4GigaHertz or 1.4 billion cycles per second
 Signal Basics

•Continuous time (CT) and discrete time (DT) signals

– CT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an
independent variable that ranges over the real numbers and are denoted
as x(t).
•DT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent
variable that ranges over the integers and are denoted as x[n].

•Note the subtle use of parentheses and square brackets to distinguish between
CT and DT signals.
 Analog Signals

• Human Voice – best example

• Ear recognizes sounds 20KHz or less
• AM Radio – 535KHz to 1605KHz
• FM Radio – 88MHz to 108MHz
 Digital signals

• Represented by Square Wave

• All data represented by binary values
• Single Binary Digit – Bit
• Transmission of contiguous group of bits is a bit stream
• Not all decimal values can be represented by binary
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 Analogue vs. Digital

•Analogue Advantages
– Best suited for audio and video
– Consume less bandwidth
– Available world wide
– Less susceptible to noise

•Digital Advantages
– Best for computer data
– Can be easily compressed
– Can be encrypted
– Equipment is more common and less expensive
– Can provide better clarity
 Elementary Signals

• Step signal
• Ramp Signal
• Impulse
• Sinusoidal
• Triangular
• Sinc
1. Step
2. Ramp
 3. Impulse

• As a approaches zero, g  t  approaches a unit step and g’(t)

approaches a unit impulse

• Functions that approach unit step and unit impulse

•So unit impulse function is the derivative of the unit step function or
unit step is the integral of the unit impulse function
 Representation of Impulse Function

• The area under an impulse is called its strength or weight. It is

represented graphically by a vertical arrow. An impulse with a
strength of one is called a unit impulse.
 4. Sine wave

x(t) = A sin (2Пfot+ θ)

Sinusoidal signal
= A sin (ωot+ θ)

x(t) = Aeat RealExponential

Complex
= Aejω̥t = A[cos (ωot) +j sin (ωot)] Exponential

θ = Phase of sinusoidal wave

A = amplitude of a sinusoidal or exponential signal
fo = fundamental cyclic frequency of sinusoidal signal
ωo = radian frequency
 5. Triangular

• A triangular pulse whose height and area are both one but its
base width is not, is called unit triangle function. The unit
triangle is related to the unit rectangle through an operation
called convolution.
6. Sinc
Sine - DT
DT Step
DT Ramp
DT Impulse
 Operations of Signals

• Sometime a given mathematical function may

completely describe a signal .
• Different operations are required for different
purposes of arbitrary signals.
• The operations on signals can be
– Time Shifting
– Time Scaling
– Time Inversion or Time Folding
Time Shifting
 Time Scaling

• For the given function x(t),

• x(at) is the time scaled version of x(t)
• For a ˃ 1,period of function x(t) reduces and function speeds
up. Graph of the function shrinks.
• For a ˂ 1, the period of the x(t) increases and the function
slows down. Graph of the function expands.
Given y(t),
find w(t) = y(3t)
and v(t) = y(t/3).
 Time Reversal

• Time reversal is also called time folding

• In Time reversal signal is reversed with respect to time i.e.
• y(t) = x(-t) is obtained for the given function
 Operations of Discrete Time Functions

•Time shifting n  n  n0 , n0 an integer

Scaling; Signal Compression
n  Kn K an integer > 1
 Classification of Signals

• Deterministic & Non Deterministic Signals

• Periodic & A periodic Signals
• Even & Odd Signals
• Energy & Power Signals
 Deterministic & Non Deterministic
Signals
Deterministic signals
• Behavior of these signals is predictable w.r.t time
• There is no uncertainty with respect to its value at
any time.
• These signals can be expressed mathematically.
For example x(t) = sin(3t) is deterministic
signal.
 Non Deterministic or Random signals

• Behavior of these signals is random i.e. not predictable

w.r.t time.
• There is an uncertainty with respect to its value at any
time.
• These signals can’t be expressed mathematically
• For example
Thermal Noise
generated is non
deterministic signal.
 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals

Given x(t) is a continuous-time signal

x (t) is periodic iff x(t) = x(t+Tₒ) for any T and any integer n
Example
x(t) = A cos(t)
x(t+Tₒ) = A cos[t+Tₒ)]
= A cos(t+Tₒ)
= A cos(t+2)
= A cos(t)
– Note: Tₒ =1/fₒ ; fₒ
• For non-periodic signals
• x(t) ≠ x(t+Tₒ)
• A non-periodic signal is assumed to have a period T = ∞
• Example of non periodic signal is an
exponential signal
 Periodicity for Discrete Time
Signals

• A discrete time signal is periodic if

• x(n) = x(n+N)
• For satisfying the above condition the frequency of the
discrete time signal should be ratio of two integers
• i.e. fₒ = k/N
 Sum of periodic Signals

• X(t) = x1(t) + X2(t)

• X(t+T) = x1(t+m1T1) + X2(t+m2T2)
• m1T1=m2T2 = Tₒ = Fundamental period
• Example: cos(t/3)+sin(t/4)
• – T1=(2)/(/3)=6; T2 =(2)/(/4)=8;
– T1/T2=6/8 = ¾ = (rational number) = m2/m1
– m1T1=m2T2  Find m1 and m2
• – 6.4 = 3.8 = 24 = Tₒ
Thank You