GROUP 2

ETHICS
AND
SCIENCE
WHAT IS ETHICS?

At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect

how people make decisions and lead their lives.

Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society

and is also described as moral philosophy.

The term is derived from the Greek word “ethos” which can mean
custom, habit, character or disposition.
Ethics covers the
following
how to live a
dilemmas: good life

Our concepts of
our rights Ethics covers the
ethics have been
and the following language
of right
derived from
responsibi dilemmas:
lities and wrong religions,
philosophies and
cultures.
moral
decisions -
what is good
and bad? They infuse debates
on topics like
 What use is
ethics?
 If ethical theories are to be useful in practice, they need to affect
the way human beings behave

Some philosophers think that ethics does do this. They argue that if
a person realizes that it would be morally good to do something then
it would be irrational for that person not to do it.
Ethics can provide a moral map
• Most moral issues get us pretty worked up - think of abortion and euthanasia for
starters. Because these are such emotional issues we often let our hearts do the
arguing while our brains just go with the flow.

Ethics can pinpoint a disagreement

• Using the framework of ethics, two people who are arguing a moral issue can often
find that what they disagree about is just one particular part of the issue, and that
they broadly agree on everything else

Ethics doesn't give right answers

• Ethics doesn't always show the right answer to moral problems.
Ethics can give several answers
• Many people want there to be a single right answer to ethical questions. They find
moral ambiguity hard to live with because they genuinely want to do the 'right' thing,
and even if they can't work out what that right thing is, they like the idea that
'somewhere' there is one right answer.

Ethics and people Ethics is about the

'other'
• At the heart of ethics is a concern about something or someone other than ourselves
and our own desires and self-interest

Good people as well as good actions

• Ethics is not only about the morality of particular courses of action, but it's also about
the goodness of individuals and what it means to live a good life.
COMMUNITY
RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
 COMMUNITY RESOURCES

RESOURCES
 Community Resources are assets in a community that help meet certain needs for those around
them. These assets can be people, places or structures, and community services. These resources
can be essential in developing skills post-discharge by helping the client diversify their range of
outlets of support, expression and natural self-development.
 
 Organization that serves a particular geographical area or group of people by providing tools to
help that community grow in positive ways and improve the quality of life for the people of that
community. As such, community resources can be run or funded by the government, businesses,
non-profit groups, or even individuals and serve the community in a variety of ways.

 Traditional community resources start with organizations that focus on helping people, such as
support groups and poverty outreach groups, but the definition of community resources is much
broader. It includes public services, such as libraries and post offices; gathering places, such as
community centers and churches; and businesses that serve the community by providing jobs and
easy access to necessary products. Individuals who work to improve community life by helping
others, cleaning up the community or organizing informal community activities are also
community resources.
 COMMUNITY RESOURCES
 A community asset (or community resource, a very similar term) is anything that
can be used to improve the quality of community life. And this means:

It can be a COMMUNITY SERVICE- that makes life

 It can be a PERSON -- Residents can be empowered better for some or all community members public
to realize and use their abilities to build and transportation, early childhood education center,
transform the community. The stay-at-home mom or community recycling facilities, cultural organization.
dad who organizes a playgroup. The informal  
neighborhood leader. The firefighter who risks his life It can be a BUSINESS that provides jobs and supports
to keep the community safe. These are all community the local economy
assets.  
It can be YOU AND EVERYONE else in the community
  It can be a PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OR PLACE are potential community assets. Everyone has some
-- a school, hospital, church, library, recreation center, skills or talents, and everyone can provide knowledge
social club. It could be a town landmark or symbol. It about the community, connections to the people they
might also be an unused building that could house a know, and the kind of support that every effort needs
community hospice, or a second floor room ideal for making phone calls, stuffing envelopes, giving people
community meetings. Or it might be a public place that information, moving equipment or supplies – whatever
already belongs to the community -- a park, a wetland, or needs doing.
other open space. t 
COMMUNITY RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT

The governance of natural Community resource

resources, such as water and management is a process
land, occurs at multiple scales tailored to the needs and While minimizing damage to
From international traditions of local groups, ecosystems on which they
environmental agreements to which aims to create depend
local customs. equitable and sustained
access to natural resources

COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Is a people-centered approach to the integration of

conservation of the natural resource base (water, soil,
trees, and local biodiversity) and development to
overcome poverty, hunger and disease.
Key elements of the approach
includes:  Collaborative management  Participatory monitoring
plans-build shared and evaluation – promote
 Multi-stakeholder responsibilities and decision learning, trust and
collaboration that involves making among all accountability through
participants , from stakeholders through joint monitoring of the natural
communities, to NGO’s and management plans of natural resource base and
promotes coordination resources. application of
among them. management plans.

 Policy support and law

 Conflict Management enforcement are essential to  Gender and social justice
mechanisms – support curbing illegal encroachment in access to, and control
processes to manage natural leading to ecosystem of, natural resources is the
resources conflicts among degradation. ultimate measure of the
people. sustainability of the
community – based
 Livelihood improvement and natural resource
environmental services. management efforts.
 Having strong local Providing opportunities for
organizations such as inter- reinvestment by linking
village networks are built upland environmental
from bottom up. services to lowland and
urban communities.
 WHY SHOULD YOU IDENTIFY COMMUNITY ASSETS?

 They can be used as a foundation for community improvement.

External resources (e.g., federal and state money) or grants may not be
available. Therefore, the. resources for change must come from within EXAMPLES OF
each community.

 Identifying and mobilizing community assets enables community

residents to gain control over their lives.  Improvement efforts are
more effective, and longer-lasting, when community members
dedicate their time and talents to changes they desire. You can't fully
understand the community without identifying its assets.

 Knowing the community's strengths makes it easier to understand  Individuals

what kinds of programs or initiatives might be possible to address the  Associations
community's needs. When efforts are planned on the strengths of the  Organizations
community, people are likely to feel more positive about them, and to  Financial Assistance
believe they can succeed. Organizations
 Educational Organizations
 It's a lot easier to gain community support for an effort that  Health Care Organizations
emphasizes the positive - "We have the resources within our
 Religious and Cultural
community to deal with this, and we can do it!" - than one that
stresses how large a problem is and how difficult it is to solve. Organizations
 Institutions
 Corporations
 
COMMUNITY RESOURCES
AND SOCIAL WELFARE
 SOCIAL
WELFARE
 The term “social welfare” does not have a
precise definition. Currently, social welfare
 A social welfare system provides assistance to individuals
refers to a wide range of activities and services
and families in need. The types and amount of welfare
by volunteers, non-profit organizations and
available to individuals and families vary depending on
governmental agencies providing help to
the country, state, or region
needy persons unable to care for themselves;
activities and resources designed to enhance or
Important: The benefits that an individual or family
promote the well-being of individuals, families
receives as part of a social welfare system will vary by state,
and the larger society; and efforts to eliminate
as will the eligibility requirements.
or reduce the incidence of social problems
 
 The benefits available to an individual vary by state.
Eligibility is determined based on factors surrounding
the person’s financial status and how it relates to the
minimum acceptable levels within a particular state. The
factors involved can include the size of the family unit,
current income levels, or an assessed disability
 KEY
TAKEAWAYS BENEFITS OF SOCIAL
 A social welfare system offers WELFARE SYSTEMS
assistance to individuals and families
in need, with such programs as
health care assistance, food stamps,
and unemployment compensation.  Available benefits generally cover assistance for food, housing,
  child care, and medical care
 Lesser known parts of a social  Some available housing benefits go beyond locating suitable and
welfare system include disaster relief affordable properties and providing housing cost assistance. A
and educational assistance.  household may qualify for assistance to complete certain energy
efficiency upgrades. It may also receive funds to help pay utility
 Eligibility for benefits is based on a bills.
number of factors, including income  Benefits around health and nutrition can include access to
levels and family size affordable medical care. Food and nutrition programs may
supply funds, often referred to as food stamps or the
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), to provide
easier access to food in general.
 Other programs that are parts of the social welfare system
include disaster relief assistance, educational assistance,
agricultural loans, and services specifically for veterans.
 SOCIAL WELFARE
EXAMPLES
PROGRAMS

Unemployment  Any of a variety of governmental programs

Benefit Programs designed to protect citizens from the economic
risks and insecurities of life. The most common
Family Allowance types of programs provide benefits to the elderly
Benefits or retired, the sick or invalid, dependent survivors,
mothers, the unemployed, the work-injured, and
families. Methods of financing and administration
Work Injury and the scope of coverage and benefits vary widely
Compensation among countries.

Public Assistance
EXAMPLES OF ORGANIZATIONS:
 Habitat for Humanity -Child Hope Philippines
 Philippine Red Cross -DSWD
 Gawad Kalinga
 Philippine Animal Welfare Society
DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT
 DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT  According to the terminology
of UNDRR (united nations
disaster risk reduction)
 When a hazard event (such as a drought, flood, disaster risk is defined as “the
cyclone, earthquake or tsunami – among others) potential loss of life, injury, or
occurs, triggering a loss of life and damage to destroyed or damaged assets
infrastructure, it highlights the reality that society which could occur to a system,
and its assets are vulnerable to such events. When
society or a community in a
discussing disaster risk management, a disaster can
specific period of time,
highlight the following in a. community:
  determined probabilistically
 The geographical area where the community is as a function of hazard,
settled is exposed to such a hazard; The society exposure, and capacity”. In the
(including individuals) and its infrastructure, assets technical sense, it is defined
and other processes - as well as services which may through the combination of
have experienced damage or destruction - are three terms: hazard, exposure
vulnerable. and vulnerability.
 
.
 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION  DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 
 "is aimed at preventing new and  is the application of disaster risk
reducing existing disaster risk and reduction policies and strategies, to
managing residual risk, all of which prevent new disaster risks, reduce
contribute to strengthening resilience existing disaster risks, and manage
and therefore to the achievement of residual risks, contributing to the
sustainable development".   The strengthening of resilience and
UNDRR definition further annotates reduction of losses. Disaster risk
that “disaster risk reduction is the management actions can be
policy objective of disaster risk categorized into; prospective disaster
management, and its goals and risk management, corrective disaster
objectives are defined in disaster risk risk management and compensatory
reduction strategies and plans". disaster risk management (also
referred to as residual risk
 Disaster Risk Reduction strategies and management).
policies define goals and objectives
across different timescales, with
concrete targets, indicators and time
frames. 
 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT ACTIONS
PROSPECTIVE DISASTER RISK T COMPENSATORY DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT  activities strengthen the social and
 activities address and seek to avoid the
economic resilience of individuals and
development of new or increased disaster
societies in the face of residual risk that
risks. They focus on addressing disaster cannot be effectively reduced. They include
risks that may develop in future if disaster
preparedness, response and recovery
risk reduction policies are not put in place. activities, but also a mix of different
Examples are better land-use planning or
Responsible
disaster-resistant water Consumption financing instruments, such as national
supply systems.
and Production contingency funds, contingent credit,
insurance and social safety nets.
CORRECTIVE DISASTER RISK COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT Climate Action
MANAGEMENT
 activities address and seek to remove or  promotes the involvement of potentially affected
reduce disaster risks which Lifeare already
Below Water communities in disaster risk management at the
present and which need to be managed local level. This includes community
and reduced now. Examples are the assessments of hazards, vulnerabilities and
retrofitting of critical infrastructure or the capacities, and their involvement in planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
relocation of exposed populations or
local action for disaster risk reduction
assets.
 Disaster risk management plans set out the goals and specific objectives for reducing disaster risks
together with related actions to accomplish these objectives.
Disaster Risk Management - Disasters hurt the poor and vulnerable the most. Over the past decade,
the World Bank has emerged as the global leader in disaster risk management, supporting client
countries to assess exposure to hazards and address disaster risks.

HOME SAFETY TIPS FOR NATURAL DISASTERS

 Stay Informed. Tune in to local authorities for

information about evacuations and safety tips  Avoid unnecessary risks. Do not leave your
home unless instructed to do so.
 Have a plan for an evacuation. Know where you
will go during a natural disaster and how you will
get there  Go to the safest area in your home. For
example, during a flood, go to a higher floor.
 Keep emergency kits on hand. Stock kits with If a tornado is in the area, go to a basement
flashlights, batteries, first aid supplies and or inner room on the bottom floor of your
important identification information. home.