Welcome To The Course - Management Information System
Welcome To The Course - Management Information System
Course Objectives
Provide basic lessons on Computers and few productivity tools
• Provide an understanding of
– IS and underlying IT
– Impact on organisations of IS
– Types of IS in (global) organisations
• Provide awareness of the following as a Management professional
– OLTP, MIS, DSS
– ERP
– E/M Business
– BI and Analytics
– Knowledge Management
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Introduction to Computers Overview of Computers and their Applications
Learning Objectives
By the end of the lecture you should be able to:
• Explain when and why we need a computer
• Describe Types and building blocks of a computer
• Explain the concepts of SW and HW
• Explain the basic concept of Operating System
• Understand the ‘Programming paradigm’
• Describe limitations and social & ethical issues faced
When do you use a computer?
• Word Processing/Presentations
• Web Surfing
• Instant Messaging/Email/Conferencing
• Music downloads/Games
• Computation and Analysis
– Arithmetic
– Equation solving
– Data analysis and visualization
– Numerical modeling
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When do you use a computer?
Types of computer
Mainframe
• Mini – Computers (Mid-Range)
• Micro – Computers (PC)
• Super computers
• Portables
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More for Less --Moore’s Law
Within 20 years
• $150,000 (now < $1,000)- Factor of 150
• 700 Khz chip (now 1 GHz)- Factor of 1500
• 1 MB memory (now 1 GB)- Factor of 128
• 80 MB disk (now 40 TB)- Factor of 500
• Communication 9600 bps (now 10 Mbps)- Factor of 1000
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The machine
Power
Disk
RAM
Core Machine
Communications
I/O
Text
Sound
Ports Software
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Computer Block Diagram
Video
Memory Display
chipset
USB, Audio
chipset
Speakers
Serial, Ports
Keyboard,
Networking
Mouse, etc. Internet
chipset
Bus
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Memory
• Stores program instructions and
data Memory (8-bit)
Address
Each location has 10FE 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
an ‘address’ 10FF 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Information is ‘coded’
Memory is ‘written’ or ‘read’
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Primary Storage
RAM Input area – where the data is stored
when it is read into CPU, awaiting
ROM processing.
PROM Operating system – controls the
EPROM operation of the computer.
Working storage – where calculations
are performed and data is stored
temporarily.
Output area where the information is
stored prior to output. Both the input
and output areas are buffer.
Application program area – where the
user program is held 10
Difference between ROM and RAM
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Secondary Storage
HARD DISKS TAPE STORAGE
FLOPPY DISKS CD -ROM
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CPU
The ‘brain’ of your computer
Carries out the instructions of your program
Essential components: CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Does arithmetic and logic functions
Add and subtract (sometimes ALU
multiply and divide)
Bit-wise logic:
AND, OR, NOT, XOR
CU
Bit shift (left or right)
Control Unit (CU)
Controls the actions inside the CPU
Clock Registers
Registers
Temporary locations to store data,
instructions, and addresses
Instructions Data
Clock
Synchronizes operations in the CPU Memory
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Output Devices Ports
• Printers Connection to the
• The VDU - Visual Display Unit external world
(Monitor) USB
• Projector Keyboard
VDU - Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Trackball
Touchscreen
Scanner
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Software
• The intermediary between you (the user) and
the hardware
– Operating system (OS)
• Windows, OS X, Linux
– Application programs
• End-user applications
– Word processor, solid modeler, etc.
– Mathcad, Matlab, etc.
• Application development software
(programming languages)
– C, Matlab (sort of), Lab View (sort of), Python, Java, FORTRAN, etc.
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Operating System (OS)
• A program that:
– Acts as an intermediary between
hardware and application software
– Provides a consistent, stable way for
applications to interact with
hardware
• APIs, so you don’t have to do it all
yourself
• Examples:
– Windows XP/Vista http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operating_system_placement.svg
– Linux
– Unix
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Method for Developing a Program
1. Define the problem:
– State the problem you are trying to solve in clear and concise terms.
2. List the inputs and the outputs
– Inputs: information needed to solve the problem
– Outputs: what the algorithm will produce as a result
3. Describe the steps needed to convert or manipulate the inputs to produce the outputs
(develop the algorithm)
– Begin at a high-level first
– Refine (subdivide the high-level) steps until they are effectively computable operations.
4. Test the algorithm:
– choose data sets, and verify that your algorithm works!
Algorithm
• What is an algorithm?
– A recipe
– A procedure
– Definition:
• “well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations,
that when executed, produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time.”
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Characteristics of an Algorithm
• Well-ordered:
– the steps are in a clear order
• Unambiguous:
– the operations described are understood by a
computing agent without further simplification
• Effectively computable:
– the computing agent can actually carry out the
operation
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Flowcharts - 1
• Flowcharts
– A graphical tool that diagrammatically depicts the
steps and structure of an algorithm or program
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Flowchart - 2 Start
1. Start
2. Declare variables: num, sum
2.1 Initialize both num, sum to 0 Yes Display "Enter
3. while num not equal to -1, continue doing: if num ! = -1 positive integer"
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Ethical and Societal Issues
• Freedom of Speech
– IT increases opportunities for pornography, hate speech, intellectual property crime,
and other intrusions; prevention may abridge free speech.
• IT Professionalism
– No mandatory or enforced code of ethics for IT professionals--unlike other professions.
• Social Inequality-Less than 20% of the world’s population have ever used a PC; less than 3%
have Internet access.
• Safe communication
– Should you send your credit card over the internet?
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