The document discusses hypertension, including its classification, causes, and prevention strategies. It defines hypertension and notes it is a major public health challenge. Hypertension is classified based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. The main risk factors are modifiable like obesity, salt intake, and non-modifiable like age, genetics. Prevention strategies include population-wide lifestyle changes and identifying high-risk individuals for early treatment to control blood pressure levels in communities and lower cardiovascular disease risk.
The document discusses hypertension, including its classification, causes, and prevention strategies. It defines hypertension and notes it is a major public health challenge. Hypertension is classified based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. The main risk factors are modifiable like obesity, salt intake, and non-modifiable like age, genetics. Prevention strategies include population-wide lifestyle changes and identifying high-risk individuals for early treatment to control blood pressure levels in communities and lower cardiovascular disease risk.
The document discusses hypertension, including its classification, causes, and prevention strategies. It defines hypertension and notes it is a major public health challenge. Hypertension is classified based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. The main risk factors are modifiable like obesity, salt intake, and non-modifiable like age, genetics. Prevention strategies include population-wide lifestyle changes and identifying high-risk individuals for early treatment to control blood pressure levels in communities and lower cardiovascular disease risk.
The document discusses hypertension, including its classification, causes, and prevention strategies. It defines hypertension and notes it is a major public health challenge. Hypertension is classified based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. The main risk factors are modifiable like obesity, salt intake, and non-modifiable like age, genetics. Prevention strategies include population-wide lifestyle changes and identifying high-risk individuals for early treatment to control blood pressure levels in communities and lower cardiovascular disease risk.
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HYPERTENSION
Dr.A.KRISHNAVENI • A chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart disease, stroke and other vascular complications. • Major public health challenge to the population in socio-economic and epidemiological transition.
• One of the major risk factors for cardiovascular
mortality, which accounts for 20-50 percent of all deaths. CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION SYSTOLIC BP (mmHg) DIASTOLIC BP (mmHg)
NORMAL < 120 AND <80
PRE HYPERTENSION 120 - 139 OR 80 -89
HYPERTENSION
STAGE I 140 -159 OR 90 -99
STAGE II >= 160 OR > = 100
Joint National Committee (JNC 8) Classification
• When systolic and diastolic blood pressure falls into different categories, the higher category should be selected and classify the individual's blood pressure.
• "lsolated systolic hypertension" is defined as
a systolic blood pressure 140 mm of Hg or more and a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm of Hg. CLASSIFICATION HYPERTENSION
PRIMARY /ESSENTIAL SECONDARY
(prevalence 90%) (prevalence 10%)
CAUSE – SOME OTHER
CAUSE –UNKNOWN DISEASES (eg - Chronic Kidney Disease,adrenal tumor etc ) RULES OF HALVES • Only about half of the hypertensive subjects in the general population of most developed countries were aware of the condition, only about half of those aware of the problem were being treated and only about half of those treated were considered adequately treated. In simple terms All hypertensives
50% aware 50% unaware
50% treated 50% untreated
50% completely 50% not completely
treated treated Tracking of blood pressure • If blood pressure levels of individuals were followed up over a period of years from early childhood into adult life, then those individuals whose pressures were initially high in the distribution, would probably continue in the same "track" as adults.
• In other words, low blood pressure levels tend to
remain low, and high levels tend to become higher as individuals grows older. • This phenomenon of persistence of rank order of blood pressure has been described as "tracking" . • Application This knowledge can be applied in identifying children and adolescents "at risk“ of developing hypertension at a future date. Tracking RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION • Non Modifiable Risk Factors • Modifiable Risk Factors Non modifiable factors • 1.Age – BP raises with age in both sexes cause – Accumulation of environmental influences and effects of genetically programmed senescence in body system.
• 2.Ethenicity Black Communities Have Higher BP • 3.sex
Early life Little difference between
sexes
Adolescence Men > female
Late life Female > male (due to
postmenopausal changes ) 4.Genetic factors • Twin studies confirmed genetic factors • Parents Hypertensive Chance of getting status hypertension in children
Two normotensive parents 3%
Two hypertensive parents 45 %
2.Modifiable risk factors Risk factor Relationship to BP
1.Obesity Weight gain directly proportional to BP
2.Salt intake Sodium directly proportional to BP Potassium Inversely proportional to BP Calcium,cadmium,magnesium Inversely proportional to BP
3.Saturated fat,serum cholesterol directly proportional to BP
4.Dietary fiber Inversely proportional to BP
5.Alcohol directly proportional to BP
6.Physical activity Inversely proportional to BP
7.Socio Economic Status,Stress directly proportional to BP
PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION
• 1. Primary prevention (a) Population strategy (b) High-risk strategy • 2. Secondary prevention PRIMARY PREVENTION • “All measures to reduce the incidence of disease in a population by reducing the risk of onset" POPULATION STARTEGY • It is directed at the whole population, irrespective of individual risk levels. • Concept Even a small reduction in the average blood pressure of a population would produce a large reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular complications such as stroke and CHD . • Goal To shift the community distribution of blood pressure towards lower levels or "biological normality" Nonpharmacotherapeutic interventions
• (a) NUTRITION Reduction of salt intake - not more than 5 g per day Moderate fat intake Avoidance of a high alcohol intake Restriction of energy intake appropriate to body needs. • (b) WEIGHT REDUCTION • (c) EXERCISE PROMOTION • (d) BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES Reduction of stress and smoking, modification of Personal life-style, yoga and transcendental meditation.
• (e) HEALTH EDUCATION
• (f)SELF-CARE High risk strategy • This approach is appropriate if the risk factors occur with very low prevalence in the community • STRATEGY : Detection of high-risk subjects and optimum use of clinical methods. • Method used to identify high risk individuals 1.Identify family history of hypertension 2. “Tracking" of blood pressure from childhood. SECONDARY PREVENTION • Early case detection • Appropriate treatment • Adhere compliance to treatment
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Module on Knowledge Regarding Myocardial Infarction and its Prevention among the Patients Attending Diabetic Clinic at BVV Sangha’s HSK Hospital and Research Centre, Bagalkot
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Module on Knowledge Regarding Myocardial Infarction and its Prevention among the Patients Attending Diabetic Clinic at BVV Sangha’s HSK Hospital and Research Centre, Bagalkot
