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Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology: UNIT-1

The document classifies and describes various types of signals. It discusses analog and digital signals, continuous and discrete time signals, even/odd and periodic/aperiodic signals, energy/power signals, causal/non-causal signals. It also describes basic continuous time signals including step, ramp, parabolic, impulse, sinusoidal, exponential signals. The document was written by Mr. Avinash Kumar for the basic signals and systems course to classify and represent signals mathematically.

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Avinash Chauhan
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38 views12 pages

Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology: UNIT-1

The document classifies and describes various types of signals. It discusses analog and digital signals, continuous and discrete time signals, even/odd and periodic/aperiodic signals, energy/power signals, causal/non-causal signals. It also describes basic continuous time signals including step, ramp, parabolic, impulse, sinusoidal, exponential signals. The document was written by Mr. Avinash Kumar for the basic signals and systems course to classify and represent signals mathematically.

Uploaded by

Avinash Chauhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEERUT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT-1
Part-1

Classification of signals and their mathematical Representation


BASIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEM(KEE-303)

BY- Mr. Avinash Kumar


BY- AVINASH KR CHAUHAN
Asst. prof. (EE)
Signal:- Signal is one that carries information and is defined as a physical quantity that varies with one or
more independent variable.
Classification of signals:-
Analog and Digital Signal
Analog signal: A signal that is defined for every instants of time is known as analog signal. Analog signals
are continuous in amplitude and continuous in time. It is denoted by x(t). It is also called as Continuous
time signal. Example for Continuous time signal is shown in

Digital signal: The signals that are discrete in time and quantized in amplitude is called digital signal.
Continuous time and discrete time signal
• Continuous time signal: A signal that is defined for every instants of
time is known as continuous time signal. Continuous time signals are
continuous in amplitude and continuous in time. It is denoted by x(t)

• Discrete time signal: A signal that is defined for discrete instants of


time is known as discrete time signal. Discrete time signals are
continuous in amplitude and discrete in time. It is also obtained by
sampling a continuous time signal. It is denoted by x(n) .
Even (symmetric) and Odd (Anti-symmetric) signal
Even signal:
A signal that exhibits symmetry with respect to t=0 is called even signal Even
signal satisfies the condition 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(-𝑡)
Odd signal:
A signal that exhibits anti-symmetry with respect to t=0 is called odd signal Odd
signal satisfies the condition 𝑥(𝑡) = -𝑥(-𝑡)
Periodic and Aperiodic signal
Periodic signal: A signal is said to periodic if it repeats again and again
over a certain period of time. Periodic signal should satisfied the
condition.
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑥 (𝑡 + 𝑇) where T 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
Aperiodic signal: A signal that does not repeat at a definite interval of
time is called aperiodic signal.
If 𝑥 (𝑡) ≠ 𝑥 (𝑡 + 𝑇)
then the signal is said to be aperiodic
Energy and Power signal
Energy signal: The signal which has finite energy and zero average
power is called energy signal. The non periodic signals like exponential
signals will have constant energy and so non periodic signals are energy
signals. i.e., For energy signal, 0 < 𝐸 < ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = 0
For Continuous time signals,

Power signal: The signal which has finite average power and infinite
energy is called power signal. The periodic signals like sinusoidal
complex exponential signals will have constant power and so periodic
signals are power signals. i.e., For power signal, 0 < 𝑃 < ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = ∞
For Continuous time signals
Causal and Non-causal signal
• Causal signal: A signal is said to be causal if it is defined for
t≥0.
𝑖. 𝑒., 𝑥 (𝑡) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0

Non-causal signal:
A signal is said to be non-causal, if it is defined for t< 0 or for
both 𝑡 < 0 and 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑖. 𝑒., 𝑥 (𝑡) ≠ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
When a non-causal signal is defined only for t<0, it is called as
anti-causal signal
Basic(Elementary or Standard) continuous time signals
• Step signal:-
Unit Step signal is defined as
𝑢 (𝑡) = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
=0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0

• Ramp signal
Unit ramp signal is defined as

𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
=0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
Basic(Elementary or Standard) continuous time signals
• Parabolic signal:- Unit Parabolic signal is defined as

• Impulse signal
Unit Impulse signal is defined as
Basic(Elementary or Standard) continuous time
signals
• Sinusoidal signal:- given by x(t) = A sin(ωt+φ)
• Cosinusoidal signal:- Given by x(t) = A cos(ωt+φ)
Where, A= Amplitude of wave
ω= anugular frequency rad/sec, Φ= phase angle in rad.
Basic(Elementary or Standard) continuous time signals
• Exponential signal
Real Exponential signal is defined as 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑡
where A is amplitude
Depending on the value of ‘a’ we get dc signal or growing exponential signal or
decaying
Basic(Elementary or Standard) continuous time signals

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