Scribd
Upload
34 views

Signals & Systems

The document discusses different types of systems including static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, time invariant/time variant, linear/non-linear, and stable/unstable systems. It provides examples and definitions for each classification. Key points covered include: - Static systems have memory while dynamic systems depend on present, future, and past inputs. - Causal systems depend only on past and present inputs, while non-causal systems depend on future inputs. - Time invariant systems produce identical output shifts for input shifts, while time variant systems do not. - Linear systems satisfy superposition, while non-linear systems do not. - Stable systems produce bounded outputs for bounded inputs, while unstable

Uploaded by

Francy Rani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Signals & Systems

The document discusses different types of systems including static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, time invariant/time variant, linear/non-linear, and stable/unstable systems. It provides examples and definitions for each classification. Key points covered include: - Static systems have memory while dynamic systems depend on present, future, and past inputs. - Causal systems depend only on past and present inputs, while non-causal systems depend on future inputs. - Time invariant systems produce identical output shifts for input shifts, while time variant systems do not. - Linear systems satisfy superposition, while non-linear systems do not. - Stable systems produce bounded outputs for bounded inputs, while unstable

Uploaded by

Francy Rani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Signals & Systems

Classification of Systems- 2

Lecture – 09
Date: 08.08.2020
What is System?
• Systems process input signals to produce output
signals
• A system is combination of elements that
manipulates one or more signals to accomplish a
function and produces some output.
Example:
• A CD player takes the signal on the CD and
transforms it into a signal sent to the loud speaker

input signal output signal


system
Classification of Signals
 Static and Dynamic system
 Causal and Non-Causal system
 Time invariant and Time variant system
 Linear and Non-Linear system
 Stable and Unstable system
 Invertible & Inverse Systems
Static /Dynamic system
(Memoryless /Memory)
 Memory system: output value depend
present future/past input.
on
 Memoryless system: present output value depend only
on present input.
 Example:
Problem no: 1
(ii) Causal Systems
• Causal system : A system is said to be causal if the
present value of the output signal depends only on
the present and/or past values of the input signal.
(does not depends upon the future input and future
output) Example: y[n]=x[n]+1/2x[n-1]
(ii) Non-causal Systems
• Non-causal system : A system is said to be
anticausal if the present value of the output signal
depends only on the future values of the input
signal.
• Example: y[n]=x[n+1]+1/2x[n-1]
Problem no: 1
(iii) Time Invariant and Time Variant
Systems
• A system is said to be time invariant if a time
delay or time advance (i.e, Shifting) of the
input signal leads to a identical time shift in the
output signal. Its also called as shift invariant or
fixed system.
• If this condition fails then its called time variant
system.
Here in our problems Condition, time variant
Condition, y(t, T) ≠ y(t - T )
time invariant y(t, T) = y(t - y (n, N) ≠ y(n - N )
T)
y (n, N) = y(n - N )
Problem no: 1
(iv) Linear & Non Linear Systems
• A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the principle of
superposition
• It states that the weighted sum of input signal be equal to
the weighted sum of output signal corresponding to each
of the individual input signal.
• In CT system
a1y1( t) + a2y2(t) = f[a1x1( t) + a2x2(t)]
• In DT system
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
Problem no: 1
1) y(n) = x(n2)
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]

replace xx1 & y  y1 y1( n) = x1( n2) (1)


replace xx2 & y  y2 y2( n) = x2( n2)  (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1( n) = a1x1( n2)  (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2( n) = a2x2( n2)  (4)

(3)+(4) a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1( n2) + a2x2( n2)


(5)

replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y  a1y1 + a2y2

a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = [a1x1( n2) + a2x2(n2)] (6)


(5) = (6)
Therefore the system is linear.
Problem no: 2
2) y(n) =
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
replace xx1 & y  y1 y 1(n) = x1(n) + nx1 (n+1) (1)
replace xx2 & y  y2 y 2 (n) = x2(n) + nx2 (n+1) (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1(n) = a1x1(n) + na1x1 (n+1)  (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2(n) = a2x2(n) + na2x2 (n+1)  (4)

(3)+(4)  a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1(n) + na1x1 (n+1) + a2x2(n) + na2x2 (n+1)(5)

replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y  a1y1 + a2y2

a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1(n) + a2x2(n) + n[a1x1 (n+1) + a2x2 (n+1)] (6)

(5) = (6)

Therefore the system is linear.


Problem no: 3
3) y(n) = x2(n)
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
replace xx1 & y  y1 y1( n) = x12( n) (1)
replace xx2 & y  y2 y2( n) = x22( n) (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1( n) = a1x12( n)  (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2( n) = a2x22( n)  (4)

(3)+(4)  a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x12( n) + a2x22( n)(5)

replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y  a1y1 + a2y2

a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = [a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]2


= a1x12( n) + a2x22(n) + 2 a1x1( n)a2x2(n) (6)

(5) not equal (6)


Therefore the system is nonlinear.
Problem no: 4
Problem no: 5
(v) Stable & Unstable Systems
• A system is said to be bounded-input
bounded-output stable (BIBO stable) if
every bounded input results in a bounded
output.
Problem no: 1
Problem no: 2
Problem no: 3
Problem no: 4
4) y(n) =
Stable (or) Unstable system:
In the given system equation, n  ∞, y  ∞ even if x(n)
is bounded. Hence the system is unstable.

Problem no: 5
5) y (n) =

Stable (or) Unstable system:


As long as x(n) is bounded. Output y(n) is also bounded. Therefore
the system is stable.
Problem no: 6

Problem no: 7
(iv) Invertible & Inverse Systems
• If a system is invertible it has an Inverse System

x(t) y(t) Inverse x(t)


System
Syste
• Example: y(t)=2x(t) m

– System is invertible  must have inverse, that is:


– For any x(t) we get a distinct output y(t)
– Thus, the system must have an Inverse
• x(t)=1/2 y(t)=z(t)
y(t)=2x(t) Inverse
x(t) System System x(t)
(multiplier) (divider)
1) Determine whether or not the given system is linear,
static, causal, time-invariant and stable y(n) = x(n2)
a) Static (or) dynamic:
y(-1) = x(1)
y(0) = x(0)
y(1) = x(1)
Output y(n) depends upon the future input . Therefore the system is dynamic.

b) Causal (or) non causal:


y(-1) = x(1)
y(0) = x(0)
y(1) = x(1)
Output y(n) depends upon future input only. Therefore the system is non-causal.

c) Stable (or) Unstable:


This system is satisfies the condition(As long as x(n) is bounded, Output y(n) is
also bounded). Hence the system is stable
d) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition,
Output due to delayed input,
y( n, N) = x(n2-N) (1)

Delayed output,
y(n-N) = x(n-N) 2 (2)
(1)not equal (2) Therefore the system is time variant.
e) Linear (or) non linear:
replace xx1 & y  y1 y1( n) = x1( n2) (1)
replace xx2 & y  y2 y2( n) = x2( n2)  (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1( n) = a1x1( n2)  (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2( n) = a2x2( n2)  (4)
(3)+(4) a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1( n2) + a2x2( n2) (5)
replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y  a1y1 + a2y2

a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = [a1x1( n2) + a2x2(n2)] (6)


(5) = (6)
Therefore the system is linear.

So the given system is dynamic, non-causal, stable, time-


Home Work
Find whether or not the given system is static,
Non-causal, Time variant, Linear & Stable
THANK YOU

You might also like