Shell Structure: S.Atchaya N.Ramupriya J.Sanofar Navreen S.Srividhya R.Swathy

SHELL STRUCTURE
S.ATCHAYA
N.RAMUPRIYA
J.SANOFAR NAVREEN
S.SRIVIDHYA
R.SWATHY
SHELL
S
• Shell is a type of building enclosures.
• Shells belong to the family of arches . They can be defined as curved
or angled structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two
directions to supports.
• A shell with one curved surface is known as a vault (single
curvature ).
• A shell with doubly curved surface is known as a dome
(double curvature).
Classification of
shells
• There are many different ways to classify shell structures but
two ways are common:
1. The material which the shell is made of: like reinforced

concrete, plywood or steel, because each one has
different properties that can determine the shape of the
building and therefore, these characteristics have to be
considered in the design.
2. The shell thickness: shells can be thick or thin.

Thin Concrete
Shells
The thin concrete shell structures are a lightweight construction composed of
a relatively thin shell made of reinforced concrete, usually without the use of
internal supports giving an open unobstructed interior. The shells are most
commonly domes and flat plates, but may also take the form of ellipsoids or
cylindrical sections, or some combination thereof. Most concrete shell
structures are commercial and sports buildings or storage facilities.
There are two important factors in the development of the thin

concrete shell structures:
• The first factor is the shape which was was developed along the history of
these constructions. Some shapes were resistant and can be erected
easily. However, the designer’s incessant desire for more ambitious
structures did not stop and new shapes were designed.
• The second factor to be considered in the thin concrete shell structures is
the thickness, which is usually less than 10 centimeters. For example, the
thickness of the Hayden planetarium was 7.6 centimeters.
TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES
BARREL SHELLS
FOLDED PLATES
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
VARIOUS DOUBLE CURVATURE
DOMES
TRANSLATION SHELLS
Types of Thin Concrete
Shells
1. Barrels shells
The cylindrical thin shells, also called
barrels, should not be confused with
the vaults even with the huge
similarity in the shape of both
structures, because each of these
structures has a different structural
behavior as well as different
requirements in the minimum thickness
and the shape.
• On one hand, the structural behavior of the vault is
based on connected parallel arches, which transmit
the same effort to the supports . Therefore, the
materials used in these structures have to be able
to resists compressions (e.g. stone) and the
thickness is usually higher. Furthermore, the shape
of the vaults must be as similar as possible to the
arch in order to achieve the optimum structural
behavior.
• On the other hand, the structural behavior of the

barrels shell is that it carries load longitudinally as a
beam and transversally as an arch. and therefore, the
materials have to resist both compression and
tension stresses. This factor takes advantage of the
bars of the reinforced concrete, because these
elements can be placed where tension forces are
needed and therefore, the span to thickness Ratios
can be increased. Furthermore, the shape has fewer
requirements than the vaults and therefore, new
curves like the ellipse or the parabola can be used
improving the aesthetic quality of the structure.
Shells
2. Folded plate
A thin-walled building structure
of the shell type.
Advantages of Folded Plate

Roofs over Shell Roofs are:
(a)Movable form work can be
employed.
(b) Form work required is
relatively simpler.
(c)Design involves simpler
calculations.
Disadvantages of Folded Plate

Roofs over Shell Roofs are:
Folded plate
types
Folded Plates
system
Folded Plates
Library
Shells
3. Hyperbolic Paraboloid
(Hypar)
A Hypar is a surface curved in two
directions that can be designed as a
shell or warped lattice.
A hypar is triangular, rectangular or
rhomboidal in plan, with corners raised
to the elevation desired for use and/or
appearance. The edges of Hypars are
typically restrained by stiff hollow beams
that collect & transfer roof loads to the
foundations. Rhomboi
d
Types of
shells
4. Various Double
Curvature
Shells
5. Dome
A rounded roof, with a circular
base, shaped like an arch in all
directions.. First used in much of
the Middle East and North Africa
whence it spread to other parts of
the Islamic world, because of its
distinctive form the dome has, like
the minaret, become a symbol of
Islamic architecture.
Dome has double curvature and

the resulting structure is much
stiffer and stronger than a single
curved surface, such as a barrel
shell.
Shells
6. Translation Shells
A translation shell is a dome set
on four arches.
The shape is different from a
spherical dome and is generated by
a vertical circle moving on another
circle.
All vertical slices have the same
radius. It is easier to form than a
spherical dome.
• Advantages of Concrete Shells:
The curved shapes often used for concrete shells
are naturally strong structures.
Shell allowing wide areas to be spanned without the
use of internal supports, giving an open, unobstructed
interior.
The use of concrete as a building material reduces
both materials cost and the construction cost.
As concrete is relatively inexpensive and easily cast
into compound curves.
• Disadvantages of Concrete Shells

Since concrete is porous material, concrete domes
often have issues with sealing. If not treated,
rainwater can seep through the roof and leak into the
interior of the building.
On the other hand, the seamless construction of
concrete domes prevents air from escaping, and can
lead to buildup of condensation on the inside of the
shell.
Shingling or sealants are common solutions to the
problem of exterior moisture, and ventilation can
address condensation.
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE:
SYSTEM SPANS AND EFFECTIVE SPANS:
THE SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE SPANS UP TO 164 FEET.
THE ARCHES ARE SUPPORTED BY OVER 350KM OF
TENSIONED STEEL CABLE
THE SHELL THICKNESS GOES FROM 3 TO 4 INCHES
ALL SHELLS WEIGHT A TOTAL OF 15 TONS.
THIS INVOLVED LAING THE FOUNDATIONS AND BUILDING A PODIUM 82 FEET (25 M)
ABOVESEA LEVEL. MORE THAN 39,239 CUBIC FEET (30,000 M3) OF ROCK AND SOIL WERE
REMOVED BY EXCAVATORS
THE FOUNDATION WAS BUILT ATOP A LARGE ROCK THAT SAT IN SYDNEY HARBOUR.
THE SECOND STAGE SAWTHE BUILDING OF THE SHELLS, THE PODIUM STRUCTURE,
THESTAGE TOWER, AND THE NECESSARY MACHINERY.
CABLE BEAMS WERE BUILT AND REINFORCED BY STEEL CABLESTO RELEASE THE
STRESS OF THE WEIGHT. THE STRENGTH OF THE CABLESWAS TESTED BY LOADING
ADDITIONAL WEIGHTS. WHEN THE BUILDERS WERE SATISFIED THAT THE CABLES
WOULD SUPPORT, THE BEAMS WERE MADE EXTENDABLE BY OTHER BEAMS.
SYSTEM SPANS AND EFFECTIVE SPANS:
THE "SHELLS" WERE PERCEIVED AS A SERIES OFPARABOLAS SUPPORTED BY PRECAST
CONCRETE RIBS. THE FORMWORK FOR USING IN-SITU CONCRETE WOULD HAVE BEEN
PROHIBITIVELY EXPENSIVE, BUT, BECAUSE THERE WAS NO REPETITION IN ANY OF THE ROOF
FORMS, THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL SECTION
WOULD POSSIBLY HAVE BEEN EVEN MORE EXPENSME.
THE DESIGN TEAM WENT THROUGH AT LEAST 12 ITERATIONS OFTHE FORM OF THE
SHELLS TRYING TO FIND AN ECONOMICALLY ACCEPTABLE FORM (INCLUDING SCHEMES WITH
PARABOLAS, CIRCULAR RIBS AND ELLIPSOIDS) BEFORE A WORKABLE SOLUTION WAS
COMPLETED. IN MID-1961, THE DESIGN TEAM FOUND ASOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM: THE
SHELLS
ALL BEING CREATED ASSECTIONS FROM ASPHERE. THIS SOLUTION ALLOWS ARCHES OF
VARYING LENGTH TO BE CAST IN A COMMON MOULD, AND A NUMBEROFARCH SEGMENTS
OF COMMON LENGTH TO BE PLACED ADJACENT TOONE ANOTHER,TO FORM ASPHERICAL
SECTION.
FINISHES:
ACTUAL CLAY, BRICK, AND STONE VENEER
GRANITE OR MARBLE CLADDING
EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH
SAND BLASTED FINISH
FORM LINER PATTERNS
THE SYDNEY OPERAHOUSE USES WHITE

GLAZED GRANTE TILES
1,056,000 TILES WERE USED TO COVER THE
MASSIVE STRUCTURE.
THANK YOU

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SHELL STRUCTURE

1. The material which the shell is made of: like reinforced

2. The shell thickness: shells can be thick or thin.

There are two important factors in the development of the thin

• On the other hand, the structural behavior of the

Advantages of Folded Plate

Disadvantages of Folded Plate

Dome has double curvature and

• Disadvantages of Concrete Shells

THE SYDNEY OPERAHOUSE USES WHITE

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