WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING
CE 521

PRESENTED BY:
BALANQUIT, ABEGGEL
ESPINA, NICOLAS
GALIT, MAE ANN
1 WHAT DATA TO SECURE?

2 WHERE TO SECURE SUCH DATA?

3 HOW TO SECURE AND USE THE DATA?

4
Understanding the concept o
f the design of water distribu
tion system
Welcome!!
WHAT DATA TO SECURE?
The following data is essential for building up a decent hydraulic
model of the Water Distribution Network:

Elevation Data:
The elevation of a geographic
location is its height above or below
a fixed reference point
Elevations used in the hydraulic
analysis are separated into two
categories:
(1) control elevations; and,
(2) ground elevations.
 Control Elevations are defined as measured system
elevations at locations critical to the model, such as at pump
or PRV stations.

Ground Elevations are typically used for the remaining

model nodes. These elevations are not required for calculating
hydraulic grade line but are necessary for determining
available delivery pressures in the water system.
Demand Data:
Water demand is the measure of the total amount of
water used by the customers within the water system. There
are several things that can influence the amount of water
demanded of your system. One of the most important jobs
of a water system is to continually meet this demand
without interruption.

The per capita demands when

multiplied with the population of
the area will result the total water
demand.
Layout of the Area:

A good understanding about the

layout of the area of interest is
important. This not only helps the
modeller understand “what is located
where” but also helps him/her
determine the nature of water
demand. For example a Laundry will
have higher water demand as
compared to a School.
Storage Tank:
To accommodate fluctuations in
demand, a storage reservoir is typically
located at the head of the system to store
the excess water during periods of low
demand and provide water during period of
high demand. In addition to the operational
storage required to accommodate diurnal
(24-hour cycle) variations in water demand,
storage facilities are also used to provide
storage to fight fires, to provide storage for
emergency conditions, and to equalize
pressures in water-distribution systems.
Pump:
Pumps lift water to higher elevations and
provide adequate pressure, as required by
the network layout and ground elevations.
Most pumps used in distribution systems are
centrifugal force pumps with either a
constant or variable speed drive – some
utilities have pumps with both types of
drives.
Service pressures are typically maintained by pumps, with
head losses and increases in pipeline elevations acting to
reduce pressures, and decreases in pipeline elevations acting
to increase pressures.
Pipe Catalog:

Water-distribution systems
typically consist of connected pipe
loops throughout the service area.
Pipelines in water-distribution
systems include transmission
lines, arterial mains, and
distribution mains.
WHERE TO SECURE SUCH DATA?

Elevation Data:
The ground elevations can be collected using Total
station or other means of surveying. Today most of the land
developers provide RELs (Road Edge Levels) as they modify
the natural terrain and flatten it to make it more suitable for
constructing roads, storm networks, etc.
Demand Data:
Customer Information Systems. A CIS typically tracks the
following information about each customer:

 Account number
 Name
 Address (billing & service)
 Meter-read consumption volumes
 Average water usage
 Date period for each meter reading
 Meter information (make, size, etc.)
 Classifications (customer/demand classes)
 Core pieces of data useful to a modeller are usually
available in the billing system. These core pieces of
information are as follows:

 Location (service address) for each customer

 Water usage for each customer (for demand
analysis)
 Classification of each customer (for demand
analysis)

Utilities metering customer consumption have an

excellent source of data for allocating water demands.
 Most billing systems contain information on monthly or
bimonthly water consumption, water use category, meter
route number, and customer address. Some billing systems
contain additional information, such as number of residences
for multifamily account or business type for a commercial
account. It is possible to extract this information into a
database software package, allowing for the use of automatic
techniques to assign demands to nodes.
Layout of the Area:

Topography sheets, CAD plans, Aerial photographs

(even Google Earth Images), give a better understanding of the
topology of Roads, location of Schools, commercial complexes,
residential building, etc.

This information also helps the modeller/planner to

understand and fix the location of water treatment plants,
pump stations, elevated storage reservoirs, etc. The use of GIS
is highly recommended by many leading practitioners as GIS
has many merits as compared to CAD.
Storage Tank:

In designing distribution system, the designer must

know what kind of storage tanks to be used. It could be available
in a local market or through looking up the internet. Some
websites offer wide range of preferences that could befit for
water distribution system.
Pump:

Commercially available pump types, the

manufacturer’s brochures help the designer get an idea about
while modelling the network and decide the appropriate type
of pump.
Pipe Catalog:

The pipes commercially available in the local market plays

an important role in deciding which pipes are
economically affordable and readily available for design
consideration.
 HOW TO SECURE AND
USE THE DATA?
Elevation Data:
Use of high-quality global positioning systems calibrated to
known benchmarks is a good method for obtaining accurate
elevation data. As-built drawings and sewer system manhole
elevations are used for elevations. Elevations from DTMs are of
widely varying quality and must be used with caution. Even though
the elevations may be printed out to many decimal places, they are
frequently extracted from sources that are only accurate to 20 ft
(4m) and hence are only as good as their source. When interpolating
elevations, review the maps and identify any geographic break lines
that limit the use of interpolation techniques.
Demand Data:
There are three major steps that must take place in order to
have properly allocated demands in the model. These steps are:

1. Determine demands
2. Allocate demands in the model, and
3. Adjust demands to develop factors to convert from average day
demands to the demands conditions that are to be modelled.
 The modeller will need to evaluate the modelling
requirements, budget, and available data in order to select the
most appropriate demand calculation and allocation method.

Advances in the software and in GIS technologies

allow assignment of demands directly to the applicable pipe,
at an appropriate distance the pipe.
Layout of the Area:
Google Earth is a computer program that renders a 3D
representation of Earth based primarily on satellite imagery. The
program maps the Earth by superimposing satellite images, aerial
photography, and GIS data onto a 3D globe, allowing users to see
cities and landscapes from various angles. Users can explore the
globe by entering addresses and coordinates, or by using a 
keyboard or mouse. The program can also be downloaded on
a smartphone or tablet, using a touch screen or stylus to
navigate.
Storage Tank:
Water storage tanks are generally either pressure tanks or
atmospheric tanks. Point-of-use applications, like reverse
osmosis storage tanks, usually implement pressure tanks.
Outdoor applications or large scale municipal water storage
operations usually use atmospheric tanks.
How do pressure tanks work? 
Pressure tanks use compressed air to create water
pressure within the tank. A pressure tank is constructed with an
air chamber or bladder and comes with a pressure pre-charge. As
the tank fills up with water, the weight of the water will begin to
compress the air. As the air continues to compress, the pressure
within the tank builds. When the tank reaches a certain internal
pressure, it signals to the feed source to cease delivery.
 How do atmospheric tanks work?
Atmospheric tank do not contain air bladders or
diaphragms to pressurize the water within their reservoirs.
Instead, atmospheric tanks hold water at ambient pressure.
Ambient pressure is simply the pre-existing pressure
corresponding with wherever the tank is located (usually about
0.5psi). There is no pressure exerted on the water within the tank.
 To draw water out of an atmospheric storage tank, you will
need a water booster pump to move the water out of the tank
and throughout the house. Since the water in these tanks does
not have any pressure exerted upon it, you will need the
assistance of a pump or gravity to move water out of the tank and
through your pipes. They can also be used for water distribution,
transporting wastewater, or commercial chemical storage.
Atmospheric tanks tend to be much larger than pressure tanks,
holding thousands of gallons at a time.
Pump:
Many kinds of pumps are used in distribution systems.
Pumps that lift surface water and move it to a nearby treatment
plant are called low-lift pumps. These move large volumes of
water at relatively low discharge pressures. Pumps that
discharge treated water into arterial mains are called high-lift
pumps. These operate under higher pressures. Pumps that
increase the pressure within the distribution system or raise
water into an elevated storage tank are called booster pumps.
Well pumps lift water from underground and discharge it directly
into a distribution system.
 Most water distribution pumps are of the centrifugal type, in
which a rapidly rotating impeller adds energy to the water and
raises the pressure inside the pump casing. The flow rate through
a centrifugal pump depends on the pressure against which it
operates. The higher the pressure, the lower the flow or discharge.
Another kind of pump is the positive-displacement type. This pump
delivers a fixed quantity of water with each cycle of a piston or
rotor. The water is literally pushed or displaced from the pump
casing. The flow capacity of a positive-displacement pump is
unaffected by the pressure of the system in which it operates.
Pipe Catalog:
Pipeline materials should be selected based on a
consideration of service conditions, availability, properties of
the pipe, and economics. Before making the final selection of a
pipe material, alternative pipe materials should be considered
and the rationale for selecting a particular pipe material should
be clearly articulated.
Thank you!