GIS Applications in Civil

Engineering

V. C. Hulsure
Dept. of Civil Engineering
KJ College of Engineering
Pune

Fundamentals of GIS
 Civil Engineering Applications

• Transportation
• Watershed analysis
• Remote sensing

Fundamentals of GIS
 Loc
atio
• Finding a subset of locations from a set
n-
of potential or candidate locations that
best serve someAllo
existing demand so as
cati
minimize some cost
•
on
Locate sites to best serve allocated
demand
• Application areas are warehouse
location, fast food locations, fire
stations, schools

Fundamentals of GIS
 Loc
atio
n-
• Customer or demand locations
Allo
• Potential site cati
locations and/or
existing facilities
on
• Street networkInp or Euclidean
distance uts
• The problem to solve

Fundamentals of GIS
 Loc
atio
• The best sites n-
Allo
• The optimal allocation
cati of demand
locations to those
on sites
Out and summary
• Lots of statistical
put
information about that particular
s
allocation

Fundamentals of GIS
Initial Configuration

Fundamentals of GIS
Ava
ilabl
e
Site
s

Fundamentals of GIS
Fina
l
Con
figu
rati
on

Fundamentals of GIS
Vehicle Routing

Fundamentals of GIS
 Synergy between spatial data
and analysis
• Imagine you are a national
retailer
• You need warehouses to supply
your outlets
• You do not wish the warehouses
to be more than 1000 km from
any outlet

(Example from Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

 De
ma
nd
(po
pula
tion
den
sity
)

Fundamentals of GIS
 Pos
sibl
e
Can
dida
te
Site
s…
?

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

Fea
sibl
e
Can
dida
te
Site
s

Fundamentals of GIS
Opti
mal
One
Site

Fundamentals of GIS
Opti
mal
Two
Site
s

Fundamentals of GIS
Opti
mal
Six
Site
s

Fundamentals of GIS
Opti
mal
Nin
e
Site
s

Fundamentals of GIS
 Coverage vs.
Distance

(From Jay Sandhu, ESRI) Fundamentals of GIS

Other Transportation Applications
• Planning & locating new roadway
corridors

(from NCRST-E)
Fundamentals of GIS
 Transportation – Emergency
Operations
• Transportation maps are critical
• Disaster response plans can be
developed
• Outside computer models used for
advance warnings
• Land use maps enhance emergency
operations

Fundamentals of GIS
 Standard Deviation in
Standard Deviation in Mean Household Evacuation

Evacuation scenario Mean

Household
Household Evacuation
Time Household Time

Evacuation
Evacuation Time
Time

(1 exit route) (2 exit routes)

(from NCRST-H)
Fundamentals of GIS
 Watershed
Characterization
• Relate physical characteristics to
water quality & quantity
• Data – land use & land cover,
geology, soils, hydrography &
topography – related to hydrological
properties

Fundamentals of GIS
 Watershed Applications
• Estimate the magnitude of high-flow
events, the probability of low-flow
events
• Determine flood zones
• Identify high-potential erosion areas
• For example, BASINS, HEC-RAS,
MIKE11 models integrated with GIS

Fundamentals of GIS
 Cross sections Boundary conditions

 cross sections  gaging station

 assumed cross sections  water treatment plant
 boundary conditions  wastewater treatment plant
 700
measured
calculated
600

500
Flo w (m 3 /se c )

400

300

200

100

0
11/1/1998 2/9/1999 5/20/1999 8/28/1999 12/6/1999 3/15/2000
Time (date)

03231500
 Slope Stability Analysis

• Derive physical characteristics

– area, perimeter, flow path length, maximum
width, average closing angle, watershed
topology, soil data

• Derive watershed characteristics

– watershed boundaries, drainage network,
slope & aspect maps

Fundamentals of GIS
 Portage River Basin, Ohio

DEM with drainage network

Watersheds Hydrologic models Land use

USGS empirical method
TR55
Area- Discharge method
ADAPT model

ADAPT's Hydrological Output for Needles Creek at County Line Rd for 2001
ADAPT
Pressure Transducer
0.70

0.60
Total daily runoff ( in)

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10
Soils types 0.00
120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Days
 Remote Sensing

• Image backdrop
• Source of information on:
– land use/land cover
– vegetation type, distribution, condition
– surface waters
– river networks
– geomorphology
– monitor change

Fundamentals of GIS
1984 Land Use Map

Land use

Water: 249.43 km2

Urban: 1348.53 Km2
Forest: 10700.92 km2
Agriculture: 17780.62 km2
Pasture: 175.50 km2
Grass: 2609.45 km2
1999 Land Use Map

Land use

Water: 268.74 km 2
Urban: 2312.35 Km2
Forest: 11182.39 km2
Agriculture: 16675.65 km2
Pasture: 1308.23km2
Grass: 1518.18 km 2
Urban Area Change from 1984 - 1999
2 2
Landuse 1984(km ) 1999(km ) Change %
Ashland Urban 25 52 35.7
Ashland Agriculture 504 479 -2.6
Crawford Urban 26 43 24.9
Crawford Agriculture 723 804 5.3
Delaware Urban 42 98 40.5
Delaware Agriculture 707 657 -3.6
Fairfield Urban 36 94 44.5
Fairfield Agriculture 737 660 -5.5
Franklin Urban 411 685 25.0
Franklin Agriculture 613 410 -19.8
Holmes Urban 17 47 46.4
Holmes Agriculture 403 385 -2.3
Knox Urban 17 37 37.1
Knox Agriculture 658 626 -2.5
Licking Urban 54 102 31.2
Licking Agriculture 858 725 -8.4
Madison Urban 22 37 25.0
Madison Agriculture 898 1017 6.2
Marion Urban 44 64 18.3
Marion Agriculture 743 819 4.9
Morrow Urban 12 22 31.2
Morrow Agriculture 615 662 3.7
Perry Urban 14 26 32.0
Perry Agriculture 366 224 -24.0
Richland Urban 47 73 21.5
Richland Agriculture 587 594 0.6
Union Urban 30 42 17.1
Union Agriculture 792 849 3.5
Wayne Urban 77 106 15.8
Wayne Agriculture 715 751 2.4
Wyandot Urban 27 69 44.7
Urban Area, 1984 Wyandot Agriculture 784 787 0.2
Urban Area, 1999
MSS data - 19 Jun 75 MSS data - 1 Aug 86 TM data - 22 Jun 92
 Stream Water Quality in the Maumee River Basin

Maumee River Basin

9 Landsat-7 images over

the Waterville station in the
Maumee River Basin were
selected.
A 3-by-3 pixel window over
the Waterville station for
each date was converted to
% reflectance values. A
least squares regression
was used to correlate these
% reflectance values with
USGS ground data on
suspended sediment
concentration collected at
the Waterville station.

Fundamentals of GIS
 Suspended Sediment Concentration Model
Waterville Station – Maumee River Basin, Ohio

Date Suspended Sediment Average

Concentration (mg/L) Reflectance (%)
15-Jul-99 27 11.6
16-Aug-99 22 9.1
1-Sep-99 19 8.2
17-Sep-99 14 7.8
4-Nov-99 8 4.5
27-Mar-00 56 9.5
100
14-May-00 45 12.9

Suspended Sediment Concentration

1-Jul-00 62 9.8
19-Sep-00 81 14.8

(%) Proposed Equation r (mg/L)

Ln(Y) = -0.125 + 1.39Ln(B2) + 1.03Ln(B3/B4) 84.1

Y = Predicted Suspended Sediment Concentration (mg/L) 10

4 6 8 10 12 14 16
B1,B2,B3,B4 = Reflectance (%) in ETM+ Bands 1,2,3,4
Reflectance (%)
W W

27 March 2000 (56) 14 May 2000 (62)

W
W Scale (Km)

20 0

1 July 2000 (45) 19 September 2000 (81)

 Example Applications

• Links to websites
– The District
– Urban development
– Lake Superior
– Rutgers University
– OhioView

Fundamentals of GIS