Lecture 01 – Part A

Advanced Artificial Intelligence

Dr. Shazzad Hosain

Department of EECS
North South University

[email protected]
 Syllabus
Course Description

This course provides a general introduction to AI (Artificial

Intelligence): Its techniques and its main sub-fields.

It gives an overview of underlying ideas, such as search,

knowledge representation, expert systems and learning.

2
 Syllabus
 Recommended Books:

1. “Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach” Stuart Russell, Peter

Norvig, Prentice Hall, 2003 (new edition 2006)

2. “Artificial Intelligence Illuminated” Ben Coppin, Jones and

Bartlett illuminated Series, 2004

3. “Artificial Intelligence: A new synthesis” Nils Nilsson, Morgan

Kaufmann, 1998

4. “Artificial Intelligence – Structures and Strategies for Complex

problem solving", George F. Luger, Pearson International Edition,
Sixth edition, 2009.

3
Syllabus
Item Marks
Attendance 5%
Quizzes (best 3 out of 20%
4)
Assignments / Project 20%
Mid Term (No Make 25%
up)
Final 30%
Total 100%
http://www.northsouth.edu/php/faculty/shazzad/index.html
 Syllabus
Course Overview (main topics)

What is AI?
problem solving by search
logic, knowledge representation & reasoning
expert systems: an introduction
learning: decision trees, artificial neural networks,
reinforcement learning
Game playing

5
What is Artificial Intelligence?
 What is Intelligence ?
 Intelligence may be defined as:

1. The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.

2. The faculty of thought and reason.

7
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
 Artificial intelligence is the study of systems that act in a
way that to any observer would appear to be intelligent.

 Artificial Intelligence involves using methods based on the

intelligent behavior of humans and other animals to solve
complex problems.

 AI is concerned with real-world problems (difficult tasks),

which require complex and sophisticated reasoning
processes and knowledge.

8
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
 “AI is the study of ideas that enable
computers to be intelligent.”

[P. Winston]

 “It is the science and engineering of

making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs. It is
related to the similar tasks of using
computers to understand human
intelligence, but AI does not have to
confine itself to methods that are
biologically observable.”
John McCarthy
John McCarthy, Stanford University,
computer Science Department.

9
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
Some Definitions

Weak AI: AI develops useful, powerful

applications.

Strong AI: claims machines have cognitive

minds comparable to humans.

In this course, we deal with Weak AI.

10
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
 Operational Definition of AI
(Turing Test):

In 1950 Turing proposed an operational

definition of intelligence by using a Test
composed of :

 An interrogator (a person who will ask questions)

 a computer (intelligent machine !!)
 A person who will answer to questions
 A curtain (separator)
A. Turing

11
 What is Artificial Intelligence?

The computer passes the “test of intelligence” if a human, after

posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the responses
were from a person or not.
12
 What is Artificial Intelligence
 To give an answer, the computer would need to possess
some capabilities:

 Natural language processing: To communicate successfully.

 Knowledge representation: To store what it knows or hears.
 Automated reasoning: to answer questions and draw conclusions
using stored information.
 Machine learning: To adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns.
 Computer vision: To perceive objects.
 Robotics to manipulate objects and move.

13
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Goals of AI:

AI began as an attempt to understand the nature of

intelligence, but it has grown into a scientific and
technological field affecting many aspects of commerce
and society. The main goals of AI are:

Engineering: solve real-world problems using

knowledge and reasoning. AI can help us solve difficult,
real-world problems, creating new opportunities in
business, engineering, and many other application areas

14
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Goals of AI (cont’d)

 Scientific: use computers as a platform for studying

intelligence itself. Scientists design theories
hypothesizing aspects of intelligence then they can
implement these theories on a computer.

Even as AI Technology becomes integrated into the fabric

of everyday life. AI researchers remain focused on the grand
challenges of automating intelligence.

15
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application
systems:

 Game Playing

 TDGammon, the world champion

backgammon player, built by Gerry
Tesauro of IBM research

 Deep Blue chess program beat

world champion Gary Kasparov

 Chinook checkers program

16
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application systems:

 Natural Language Understanding

 AI Translators – spoken to and prints what one wants in foreign

languages.

 Natural language understanding (spell checkers, grammar

checkers)

17
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application Systems:

 Expert Systems:

 In geology

• prospector expert system carries evaluation of mineral potential of

geological site or region

 Diagnostic Systems

• Pathfinder, a medical diagnosis system (suggests tests and makes

diagnosis) developed by Heckerman and other Microsoft research

• MYCIN system for diagnosing bacterial infections of the blood and

suggesting treatments
18
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application Systems:

 Expert Systems:

 Financial Decision Making

• Credit card providers, banks, mortgage companies use AI systems to

detect fraud and expedite financial transactions.

 Configuring Hardware and Software

• AI systems configure custom computer, communications, and

manufacturing systems, guaranteeing the purchaser maximum
efficiency and minimum setup time.

19
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application Systems:

 Robotics:

 Robotics becoming increasing important in various areas like:

games, to handle hazardous conditions and to do tedious jobs among
other things. For examples:
- automated cars, ping pong player
- mining, construction, agriculture
20 - garbage collection
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application systems:

 Other examples:

 Handwriting recognition (US postal service zip code readers)

 Automated theorem proving

• use inference methods to prove new theorems

 Web search Engines

21
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview

The main AI topics we’ll cover in this course:

 Problem solving by searching

(Uninformed search, heuristic search …)
 Knowledge-based systems
(expert systems …)
 Machine learning
(neural networks, RL …)
 Artificial Life <Modern AI>
(cellular automata, GAs …)

22
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Problem Solving by Searching

Why search ?

 Early works of AI was mainly towards

• proving theorems
• solving puzzles
• playing games

 All AI is search!

 Not totally true (obviously) but more true than you might think.
 Finding a good/best solution to a problem amongst many possible
23
solutions.
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Classic AI search problems
 Map searching (navigation)

24
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Classic AI search problems
 3*3*3 Rubik’s Cube

25
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Classic AI search problems
 8-Puzzle

2 1 3 1 2 3
4 7 6 4 5 6
5 8 7 8

26
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Knowledge-based system
 expert system (or knowledge-based system): a program which
encapsulates knowledge from some domain, normally obtained
from a human expert in that domain

 components:
 Knowledge base (KB): repository of rules, facts (productions)
 working memory: (if forward chaining used)
 inference engine: the deduction system used to infer results from user
input and KB
 user interface: interfaces with user
 external control + monitoring: access external databases, control,...

27
 AI Topics: A Quick Introductory Overview
Knowledge-based system

 Why use expert systems:

 commercial viability: whereas there may be only a few experts whose time is
expensive and rare, you can have many expert systems
 expert systems can be used anywhere, anytime
 expert systems can explain their line of reasoning
 commercially beneficial: the first commercial product of AI

 Weaknesses:

 expert systems are as sound as their KB; errors in rules mean errors in
diagnoses

 automatic error correction, learning is difficult (although machine learning

research may change this)

 the extraction of knowledge from an expert, and encoding it into machine-

inferrable form is the most difficult part of expert system implementation
28
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Machine Learning : Neural Nets

Neural nets can be used to answer the following:

 Pattern recognition: Does that image contain a

face?

 Classification problems: Is this cell defective?

 Prediction: Given these symptoms, the patient

has disease X

 Forecasting: predicting behavior of

stock market
 Handwriting: is character recognized?

 Optimization: Find the shortest path for the

TSP.

29
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Machine Learning : Neural Nets

 Artificial Neural Networks: a bottom-up attempt to model the functionality

of the brain.

 Two main areas of activity:

 Biological: Try to model biological neural systems.
 Computational:
 Artificial neural networks are biologically inspired but not necessarily biologically
plausible.
 So may use other terms: Connectionism, Parallel Distributed Processing, Adaptive
Systems Theory.

 Interests in neural networks differ according to profession.

30
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Nouvelle AI : Artificial Life & Complex Systems

 Artificial Life: An attempt to better understand “real” life by in-

silico modeling of the entities we are aware of.

 Motivations:
 A-Life could have been dubbed as yet-another-approach to studying
intelligent life, had it not been for the Emergent properties in life that
motivates scientists to explore the possibility of artificially creating
life and expecting the unexpected.

 An Emergent property is created when something becomes more than

sum of its parts.

31
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Artificial Life : Cellular Conway’s Life: Rules
A living cell with 0-1 8-neighbors
Automata dies of isolation
Cellular Automata (CA) is an
array of N-dimensional ‘cells’ that A living cell with 4+ 8-neighbors
interact with their neighboring cells dies from overcrowding
according to a pre-determined set of
All other cells are unaffected
rules, to generate actions, which in
turn may trigger a new series of
reactions on itself or its neighbors.

The best known example is

Conway’s Life, which is a 2-state
2-D CA with simple rules (see on
right) applied to all cells
simultaneously to create generations
of cells from an initial pattern.
32
 AI Topics:
A Quick Introductory Overview
Cellular Automata: The Game of Life

Simple transition rules give rise to complex patterns (Emergent Structures)…

33
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
To conclude:

AI is a very fascinating field. It can help us solve

difficult, real-world problems, creating new opportunities
in business, engineering, and many other application
areas.

Even though AI technology is integrated into the fabric

of everyday life. The ultimate promises of AI are still
decades away and the necessary advances in knowledge
and technology will require a sustained fundamental
research effort.

34