Scribd
Upload
42 views17 pages

Solve Systems With Matrices: College Algebra

Matrices can represent systems of linear equations. An augmented matrix stacks the coefficients and constants of a system into a matrix. Row reduction operations put the matrix into row-echelon form, revealing the solution. Gaussian elimination uses row operations to systematically reduce a matrix to row-echelon form. The inverse of a matrix can also be used to solve systems, by writing the system as a matrix equation and multiplying both sides by the inverse.

Uploaded by

Ric Napus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views17 pages

Solve Systems With Matrices: College Algebra

Matrices can represent systems of linear equations. An augmented matrix stacks the coefficients and constants of a system into a matrix. Row reduction operations put the matrix into row-echelon form, revealing the solution. Gaussian elimination uses row operations to systematically reduce a matrix to row-echelon form. The inverse of a matrix can also be used to solve systems, by writing the system as a matrix equation and multiplying both sides by the inverse.

Uploaded by

Ric Napus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Solve Systems with Matrices

College Algebra
Describing Matrices

  matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. A row in a matrix is a set of


A
numbers that are aligned horizontally. A column in a matrix is a set of
numbers that are aligned vertically. Matrices are enclosed in or , and are
usually named with capital letters.
Examples:
,,
Describing Matrices

  matrix is often referred to by its size or dimensions: indicating rows and


A
columns. Matrix entries are defined first by row and then by column. For
example, the entry is located at row , column .

A square matrix has dimensions , meaning it has the same number of


rows and columns.
A row matrix has dimensions (one row), such as
A column matrix has dimensions (one column), such as
Adding and Subtracting Matrices

 
Given matrices and of like dimensions, addition and subtraction of and
will produce matrix or matrix of the same dimension.
such that
such that
Example:
and
Multiplying a Matrix by a Scalar

 
Scalar multiplication involves finding the product of a constant by each
entry in the matrix.
Given , the scalar multiple
Scalar multiplication is distributive. For the matrices and with scalars and ,
Product of Two Matrices

 
The product of two matrices is only possible when the inner dimensions
are the same. If is an matrix and is an matrix, the product matrix is an
matrix.
To obtain the entry in row , column of , multiply row in by column in as
follows:

Matrix multiplication is associative:


Matrix multiplication is distributive:
Product of Two Matrices

 Example: Multiply and

Solution: Since has dimension and has dimension , has dimension .


Systems of Equations and Matrices

  matrix can be used to represent and solve a system of equations. The


A
coefficients of the variables and the constants become the entries in a
matrix. A vertical line separates the coefficient entries from the constants;
this is called an augmented matrix.
Example:
is represented as
Notice that all the variables line up in their own columns, and missing terms
have a coefficient of 0.
Row Operations and Row-Echelon Form

  order to solve the system of equations, we convert the augmented matrix


In
to row-echelon form in which there are ones down the main diagonal,
and zeros in every position below the main diagonal.

We use row operations to obtain a new matrix that is row-equivalent.


1. Interchange rows. (Notation: )
2. Multiply a row by a constant. (Notation: )
3. Add the product of a row multiplied by a constant to another row.
(Notation: )
Gaussian Elimination

 
The Gaussian elimination method refers to a strategy to obtain the
reduced row-echelon form of a matrix.
Example:
Obtain a zero in row 2, column 1
Obtain a one in row 2, column 2
Obtain a zero in row 1, column 2
Gaussian Elimination

 
Given a system of equations, create the augmented matrix from the
coefficients and constants. Reduce the matrix to row-echelon form to
obtain the solution for the system.
For example:
is written as
Reduce this matrix to
Rewrite the system as for the solution of
Identity Matrix and Multiplicative Inverse

 
The identity matrix, , is a square matrix containing ones down the main
diagonal and zeros everywhere else.

If is an matrix and is an matrix such that , then , the multiplicative


inverse of matrix .
Example: ,
Find the Inverse Using Matrix Multiplication
  find the inverse of a given matrix, multiply it by a matrix containing
To
unknown constants and set it equal to the identity. This will result in
systems of equations that can be used to find the unknowns.
Example:
Set up

Find the product

, Create systems and solve for , and ,


Find the Inverse by Augmenting with the Identity

 When matrix is transformed into , the augmented matrix transforms into .


Example:
Augment with the identity

Perform row operations to turn into the identity

Inverse is the right side of the augmented matrix


Inverse of a 2×2 Matrix

 If is a matrix such as , the multiplicative inverse of is given by the formula

If , then has no inverse.

Example:
Solution:
Solve a System of Equations Using an Inverse
 
Given a system of equations, write the coefficient matrix , the variable
matrix , and the constant matrix . Then . Multiply both sides by the inverse
of to obtain the solution, .
Example: Solve the system of equations
Write the system in matrix terms

Use the formula for the inverse of a 2×2 matrix

The solution is
Quick Review

• What are the dimensions of a matrix?


• How do you find the product of two matrices?
• What is an augmented matrix?
• What are the characteristics of a matrix in row-echelon form?
• What are the three row operations used to obtain row-echelon form?
• How do you find the inverse of a 2×2 matrix?
• Can the inverse be found for all dimensions of a matrix?
• How do you solve a system of equations using Gaussian elimination?
• How do you solve a system using the inverse of a matrix?

You might also like