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Bridge Loading

The document discusses the various types of loads that should be considered in the design of bridges according to IRC-6, including: dead load, live load, impact load, centrifugal forces, wind load, seismic force, temperature effects, and secondary stresses. It provides details on calculating each type of load, such as specifying live load classes and impact factors for bridges. Key load combinations that must be checked in design are also summarized from IRC-6.

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Mahesh Kalyanshetti
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237 views42 pages

Bridge Loading

The document discusses the various types of loads that should be considered in the design of bridges according to IRC-6, including: dead load, live load, impact load, centrifugal forces, wind load, seismic force, temperature effects, and secondary stresses. It provides details on calculating each type of load, such as specifying live load classes and impact factors for bridges. Key load combinations that must be checked in design are also summarized from IRC-6.

Uploaded by

Mahesh Kalyanshetti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BRIDGES: Loading

Content

 IRC-Loading

 Load Combinations
IRC-6 Loading
LOADS

The loads, which should be taken into account in the design


of a bridge, have been specified in IRC 6 - 2000 Section II –
Loads and Stresses.

The following types of loads act on the superstructure of a bridge.

 Dead Load
 Live Load  Seismic Force

 Impact Load (Dynamic  Temperature


Effect)  Secondary Stresses
 Centrifugal Forces
 Wind Load
DEAD LOAD

The dead load carried by a girder or member shall


consist of the portion of the weight of the superstructure
(and the fixed loads carried thereon) which is supported
wholly or in part by the girder or member including its
on weight .
Unit weights of materials shall be used in determining
loads, unless the unit weights have been determined by
actual weighing of representative samples of the
materials, in which case the actual weights as thus
determined shall be used.
LIVE LOAD

As per the Indian Road Congress (IRC), road bridges


and culverts may be classified into ClassA, Class B
and Class 70R (tracked or wheeled) according to the
loads they are designed to carry.
IRC Class AA Tracked
Vehicle
IRC Class AA Wheeled
Vehicle
IRC Class A train
Live Load Combinations
Reduction in Longitudinal
Effects
IMPACT LOAD (Dynamic Effect)

The dynamic effect of the moving load is taken care by


increasing the live load by a certain factor, called
impact factor. This factor depends on many variables
like type of loading, speed of vehicle, type of the
structure, material of construction, loaded length etc.

Impact factor fraction for R.C.Bridges = 4.5/(6+L)


where L is length in meters of the span of
the bridge.
Impact Factor
Span for Impact Calculation
Impact Effect Below Deck
Centrifugal Forces
Where a bridge is situated on a curve, all portions of the
structure affected by the centrifugal action of moving
vehicles should be proportioned to carry safely the stress
induced by this action in addition to all other stresses.
The centrifugal force shall be determined from the
following equation:
C = (W*V2)/(127*R)
Where C = Centrifugal force acting normal to traffic
W = Live load in tones
V = the design speed of the vehicles using the
bridge in Kmph, and
R = the radius of curvature in meters
Wind Load
 The basic wind pressure will be the same as in IS: 875 part III
 For a deck structure : Area of wind intensity acting is the area
of the structure as seen in elevation including the floor system
and railing, less area of perforations in the hand railing or
parapet walls.
 For a through or half-through structure : the area of elevation
of the windward truss as specified as above plus half the area of
elevation above the deck level of all other trusses or girders.
 Lateral wind force against any exposed live load shall be
considered as acting at 1.5 m above the roadway shall be
assumed to have following values:
Highway bridges, ordinary – 300 kg/linear m
Highway bridges, carrying tramway - 450 kg/linear m
Wind Load : Area
Wind Load on Live Load
Wind Pressure & Velocities
Wind Load
Seismic Force

The earthquake force acts on the top of the pier does


not affect the design of superstructure. The bearings
need to be designed very carefully so that during
earthquake, the deck may not fall off the bearings.
Stoppers to be placed to prevent dislodgement of
superstructure.
Temperature

 Differences in temperature between top surface and other


levels through the depth of superstructure, referred to as
temperature difference and resulting in associated loads or
load effects with in the structure. Design provisions should
be taken according to IRC 6- 2000.
 The extreme ranges of effective bridge temperatures:
 Concrete structures – Temperature rise/fall 25o C
 Metal structure - from -35o C to 50o C
 The coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete and
reinforcing steel may be taken as 11.7 e-6 per o C
Secondary Stresses

Secondary stresses are additional stresses brought into play


due either to the movement of supports or to the
deformations in the geometrical shape of the structure or
its member. For all reinforced members shrinkage
coefficient for purpose of design may be taken as 2e-4 as
per IRC 6- 2000.
Construction and errection loads

 The construction sequence/errection procedure


need to be finalised well in advance ( at the
time of the design) and the safety of the bridge
need to be ascertained during the construction
stage
Longitudinal Forces
Longitudinal Force: Reduction
Horizontal Force at Bearing
Extreme Range of Bridge Temp.

Intermediate values may be obtained using Fig 8 & 9


Design Temperature Difference
Seismic Forces
Seismic Forces
Indeterminate / Composite Bridge
Construction Loads
Bridge Loads & Notations
Load Combinations and Permissible Stresses(IRC-6)
Thank you

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