Chapter One: Fundamental Concepts in

1
Chapter one
Fundamental
concepts in
Fluid mechanics
Prepared By: Mohamad, Aza , Fatima, nizar ,
tabarak
Introduction
 fluid mechanics is that branch of applied mechanics that is concerned with the statics and
dynamics of liquids and gases
 the fluid branches out into some categories like aerodynamics , hydraulics , geophysical
fluid dynamics and bio fluid mechanics the fluid branches out into some categories like
aerodynamics , hydraulics , geophysical fluid dynamics and bio fluid mechanics
 The scope of fluid mechanics ( statics , kinematics ,dynamics )
Distinction between solids and
fluids
Dimensions and units
 Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions . The magnitudes

assigned to the dimensions are units .
 In the fluid mechanics there are only four primary dimensions from which other
dimensions can be derived .
1. Mass (M)
2. Length (L)
3. Time (T)
4. Temperature
Density
 density of a fluid, is generally designated by the Greek symbol {ρ rho } (rho)
The
is defined as the mass of the fluid over an infinitesimal volume. Density is
expressed in the British Gravitational (BG) system as slugs/ft3, and in the SI
system kg/m3.
 (Eq 1) ρ = ,, m = mass ,, V = Volume . Ρ for water= 1000 = 1.94

Dimensions of ρ= or
 Changes in pressure do not greatly effect the density of a liquid or a solid, neither
will temperature. This is because they are considered incompressible. A gas’s
density however is greatly effected by changes in pressure and temperature.
Idea Gas Law
Unlike liquids, the density of gases are greatly effected by changes of pressure or changes in
temperature. This reason for this is because gas in a compressible fluid. To determine how the
density of a gas would change due to change in pressure or temperature the ideal gas law can be
used. ρ=
Ρ = density ,, P= pressure ,, R = gas constant ,, T = temperature
Specific Volume

 Sometimes
specific volume will be used to related an objects mass to its volume. This,
however, is just the reciprocal of density ( the volume per unit mass ), and actually
represents the same thing.
 (Eq 2) Vs

Dimensions of Vs = or
Gas Constant ( R )
 the R value seen in the ideal gas
law equation represents the gas
constant. Refer to the table below
to view gas constants for different
gases.
specific weight
 The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit

volume v of a material. The symbol of specific weight is γ(the Greek letter
gamma)
 Specific weight =weight /volume =density *g
 The specific weight of water under standard conditions at 4 c = 9810 n/m^3

1000 kgf/m^3 62.4 ib/ft^3
Compressibility
 In

thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, compressibility is a
measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a
response to a pressure change. where V is volume and p is
pressure.
 Units=
 Dimension=
Vapor pressure
 The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its
liquid (or solid); that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a
liquid (or solid) above a sample of the liquid (or solid) in a closed container.
 The vapor pressure depends on:

1-Types of Molecules.
2-Temperature.
3-Pressure.
Glass bell
liquid
B A
 Viscosity: is a quantitative measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
 Dynamic (or Absolute) Viscosity:
 The dynamic viscosity() of a fluid is a measure of the resistance it offers to relative shearing
motion.
 F is directly proportional to A and to
Ve and inversely proportional to Y
F α F=
 Shear stress () is a ratio of force and area
of contact. = Ve,u
Shear stress
…1
 = τ /(u/h) N-s/m²
 The shear stress() is directly proportional
To viscosity for a given rate of angular
Deformation of a fluid.
Also called Newton`s
equation of viscosity:
𝑑 𝑣𝑥
𝜏 =𝜇
𝑑𝑦
The shear
𝑁 ⋅𝑠 3 stress The fluid
The fluid
1 𝑃𝑎 ⋅ 𝑠=1 2 =10 𝑝 ( 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒)=1 0 𝑐𝑝 . velocity in
𝑚 viscosity
x- direction
The dimensions:
 N  dv  m   1 
   2 ,      And
 m  dy  s  m   s 
Units: Poise =1dyne.sec/cm^2=10^-1 =10^-1

Continuity equation for viscous flow
The flow will have the
A liquid is flowing in a biggest velocity at the
open channel top (the surface )
y y
X Vx  y 
Fluid flows in an open
channel
The flow velocity will approximately be zero at A graphic presentation
the bottom, due to retardation when liquid of this phenomena is
molecules colliding with the non-moving shown here
bottom
Viscosity - shear relationship


For Newtonian fluids, shear stress linearly vary with the
shear rate as shown in Figure. Viscosity is constant for
this kind of fluid.
τ = (u/h)
 Non Newtonian fluid doesn’t

follow the linear relation
between viscosity and shear rate.
Molecular Origins
 Liquids
 Gases  Independent of pressure except at very
high pressure
 Independent of pressure
 Decrease with increasing temperature
 Increases with increasing temperature
 Newtonian and non-Newtonian
 Newtonian
Kinematic viscosity; is a measure of
fluids inherent resistance to flow
20
m /s or stoke
2
1 stoke = 1 cm2/s
For liquids, both the dynamic and

kinematic viscosities are practically
independent of pressure, and any small
variation with pressure is usually
disregarded, except at extremely high
pressures.
For gases, this is also the case for
dynamic viscosity (at low to moderate
pressures), but not for kinematic
viscosity since the density of a gas is
proportional to its pressure.
Dynamic viscosity, in general,

does not depend on pressure,
but kinematic viscosity does.
Surface tension
 It is the cohesion of molecules of liquid surface that makes it withstand pressure

to a certain degree.
Factors affecting surface tension:
1. Liquid type: The higher the density of the liquid, the greater the surface tension.
2. Temperature: The higher the temperature the .lower the surface tension


Unit of
Specific Gravity (SG)
 defined as the ratio between the density of an object (solid or fluid) and the
is
density of water at 4 ° C and below 1 ° C.
SG
The poetic property
 The poetic property is a physical property through

which the liquid flows from the bottom up, in the
capillary tubes.

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1

 Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions . The magnitudes

 The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit

 Specific weight =weight /volume =density *g

 The specific weight of water under standard conditions at 4 c = 9810 n/m^3

 The vapor pressure depends on:

Units: Poise =1dyne.sec/cm^2=10^-1 =10^-1

 Non Newtonian fluid doesn’t

For liquids, both the dynamic and

Dynamic viscosity, in general,

 It is the cohesion of molecules of liquid surface that makes it withstand pressure

Factors affecting surface tension:

 The poetic property is a physical property through

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