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FUNCTONS

This document discusses virtual functions in C++. It begins by defining virtual functions as functions in a base class that can be overridden in derived classes, allowing for late/dynamic binding at runtime. It then provides the basics, rules, syntax and an example of virtual functions. The basics section explains late binding and how the compiler determines the type of object at runtime. The rules section lists characteristics of virtual functions. The syntax section shows how to declare and define virtual functions to execute the derived class version. The example demonstrates calculating areas of different shapes using virtual functions.

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47 views15 pages

FUNCTONS

This document discusses virtual functions in C++. It begins by defining virtual functions as functions in a base class that can be overridden in derived classes, allowing for late/dynamic binding at runtime. It then provides the basics, rules, syntax and an example of virtual functions. The basics section explains late binding and how the compiler determines the type of object at runtime. The rules section lists characteristics of virtual functions. The syntax section shows how to declare and define virtual functions to execute the derived class version. The example demonstrates calculating areas of different shapes using virtual functions.

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logesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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VIRTUAL FUNCTONS

175113346
SISHYA.S
I YEAR BCA – ‘C’
What will you learn..,
Virual Functions
Basics

Rules

Syntax

Example
Basics of Virtual Function
 It is a function in base class, which is overrided in the
derived class, and which the compiler to perform Late
Binding on this function.
 ‘Virtual’ keyword is used to make a member function
of the base class Virtual.
Continued..,
 LATE BINDING :
 In this function call is resolved at runime.
 Hence, now compiler determines the type of object
at runtime, and then binds the function call.
 Late Binding is also called,
• Dynamic Binding

• Runtime Binding
Rules For Virual Funcions
 It shouldn’t be static and must be member of a class.
 It may be declared as friend for another class. Object
pointer case access virtual function.
 Constructors cannot be declared as virtual, but
destructors can be declared as virtual.
 The Virtual Function must be defined in public section of
the class.
 It is also possible to define the virtual function outside
the class.In such a case, the declaration is done inside the
class and definition is done outide the class.
Continued..,
 The virtual keyword is used in the declaration and not in
function declarator.
 It is also possible to return a value from virtual function
like other functions.
 The prototype of virtual functions in base and derived
classes should be exactly the same.In case of mismatch,
the compiler neglects the virtual function mechanism
and them as overloaded functions.
 Arithmatic performance cannot be used with base class
pointer.
Continued..,
 If base class contains virtual function and if the same
function is not redefined in the derived classes in that case
the base class function is invoked.
 The operator keyword used for operator overloading also
supports virtual mechanism.
Syntax For Virual Funcions
To declare virtual function and execute the same function defined in
base and derived classes.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
class first
{
int b;
public :
first() {b=10 ;}
virtual void diplay() { count <<“\n b=”<<b ;} };
class second : public first
{
int d ;
public:
second() {d=20;}
void diplay() { count <<“\n d=”<<d ;} };
Continued..,
int main()
{
clrscr();
first f,*p;
second s;
p=&f;
p->display();
p=&s;
p->display();
Return 0;
}
Example For Virual Funcions
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
class shape
{
public :
virtual void area()=0;
};
class circle: public shape
{
public:
int b,h;
float arcircle;
void area()
{
int r;
cout<<”\n\n area of the circle”;
cout<<”\n enter the radius:” ;
cin>>r;
acircle =3.14*r*r;
cout<<”\n area of circle =”<<acircle;
}
};
Continued..,
class rect: public shape
{
public:
int w,h;
int arrec;
void area()
{
cout<<”\n\n area of the rectangle”;
cout<<”\n enter the width and height”;
cin>>w>>h;
arec =w*h;
cout<< “\n area of the rectangle:”<<arec;
}
};
class tria: public shape
{
public:
int b,h;
float artri;
void area()
{
Continued..,
cout<<”\n\n area of the triangle”;
cout<<”\n enter the base and height”;
cin>>b>>h;
atri=0.5*b*h;
cout<< “\n area of the triangle:”<<artri;
} };
class square: public shape
{
public:
int a;
float arsquare;
void area()
{
cout<<”\n\n area of the square”;
cout<<”\n enter the value of a”;
cin>>a;
arsquare =a*a;
cout<< “\n area of the triangle:”<<arsquare;
}
};
Continued..,
void main()
{
clrscr();
shape*ptr;
circle 0b1;
rect 0b2;
tri a 0b3;
square 0b4;
ptr = &0b1;
ptr ->area();
ptr = &0b2;
ptr ->area();
ptr = &0b3;
ptr ->area();
ptr = &0b4;
ptr ->area();
getch();
}

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