NAGARJUNA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Civil Engineering

 A Project Report On “Partial Replacement Of
Cement By Slag & Silica Fume As Additive In
Mortar & Concrete”
Project guide
Mr V.Nagendra

STUDENTS NAME:-
Abhishek Kumar (1NC09CV004)
Aditya Alok (1NC10CV004)
Munna Yadav (1NC10CV041)
Saurav Kumar Baranwal (1NC10CV051)
ABSTRACT
A. Tremendous Development in the construction
world.
B. Construction material reaching a reducing
stage.
C. Waste material increases day by day.
D. Proper utilization of the waste material required.
E. Use of Waste material as basic material for
construction.
F. Requires a high strength concrete.
PROCEDURE
OF
THE
PROJECT
1. Use Of Slag As A Partial Replacement In Cement Mortar And Concrete.
2. Slag Can Be Used As A Filler Material.
3. Silica Fume Will Be Added Partially By The Weight Of Cement In
Mortar And Concrete.
4. Silica Fume Is A Highly Pozzolanic Material. It Contains High
Percentage Of SILICON Dioxide(sio2).
5. A Set Of 16 Different Mortar Mixture Were Cast And Tested With
Different Cement Replacement Levels(0%,10%,20%and30%) Of Slag
With Silica Fumes As Addition(0%,2.5%,5%,7.5% By Weight Of The
Cement).
6. Mortar Cubes Of Size 71*71*71 Mm Will Be Casted And Tested For
Compressive Strength.
7. A Set Of 30 Different Concrete Mixtures Were Cast And Tested With
Different Cement Replacement Levels(0%,10%,20% And 30%) Of Slag
With Silica Fume As Addition (0%,2.5%,5%,7.5%,10%,12.5% And 15%
By Weight Of Cement).
8. The Specimens Are Cured For 7th, 14th, 28th Days By Water Bath And
Are Tested For Its Compressive Strength.
9. And Beams Will Be Casted And Tested For Flexural Strength.
OBJECTIVE
OF
THE
PROJECT
 The ultimate focus of this project is to ascertain the
performance of concrete mix containing blast furnace
slag and silica fume and compared it with plain
concrete mix.
 The silica content is added along with GGBS to
accelerate the hydration process.
 It also ensures proper utilisation of slag in a effective
way.
 To partially replace the cement content in concrete as it
directly influences economy in construction.
 Environmental friendly disposal of blast furnace slag.
 To boost the use of industrial waste.
INGREDIENTS
USED
IN
MORTAR
AND
CONCRETE.
CEMENT
 Cement is an extremely fine- grounded
material with adhesive and cohesive
properties and acts as a binding material
in concrete.
 The properties of concrete are very much
influenced with the properties of cement.
 Birla Super Ordinary Portland cement
of 53 grade has been used in this
experimental study.
 TEST
ON
CEMENT

1. Standard consistency test

2. Initial setting time
3. Final setting time
4. Specific gravity
1. NOMAL CONSISTENCY TEST

This test is used to determine the amount of water required to prepare

hydraulic cement pastes with normal consistency as required for certain
standard test.

2. INITIAL SETTING TIME

The time at which cement paste losses its plasticity after addiction of
water is known as initial setting time.

3. FINAL SETTING TIME

The time corresponding to paste becoming a hard mass is known as

final setting time.

4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity is the ratio of
the density of a substance compared to
the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance.
This property is very important in the mix design
 AGGREGATES

FINE AGGRAGATE COARSE AGGREGATE

Aggregates are the important constituents of concrete and they constitute 75 to 80 %
of total volume of concrete.

PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
1. SIZE:
Largest maximum size that can be under given set of conditions should be used.
Using largest size will result in:
1. Reduction in water content.
2. Reduction in drying shrinkage.
Generally 80 mm is the largest size of aggregates in concrete, which is generally used.
2. SHAPE :
Shape of aggregate is an important characteristic since it affects workability of
concrete. As per shape they are classified as rounded irregular or partly rounded,
angular, flaky. The angular aggregates are generally preferred as compared to other
due to their durability and strength in concrete and good binding capacity.
3. TEXTURE :
Generally rough texture aggregates are preferred as compared to smooth due to their
good binding capacity. Rough texture increases the surface area, which increases the
bonding strength of concrete.
4. STRENGTH :
Strength of aggregate is defined as the resistance to given set of forces. It is measured
as its crushing value i.e. resistance to crushing loads and impact value
SILICA
FUMES
1. Silica fume particles are extremely small, with more than 95% of the
particles finer than 1µm.Its typical physical properties are given in
Table below. Silica fume colour is either premium white or grey.

2. Silica fume (SF) is a by product of the smelting process in the silicon

and ferrosilicon industry.

3. The reduction of high-purity quartz to silicon at temperatures up to

2,0000C produces SiO2 vapours, which oxidizes and condense in the
low temperature zone to tiny particles consisting of non-crystalline
silica

4. Silica fume is also known as micro silica, condensed silica fume,

volatilized silica or silica dust.

5. Silica fume has been recognized as a pozzolanic admixture that is

effective in enhancing the mechanical properties to a great extent

6. By using silica fume along with super plasticizers, it is relatively easier

to obtain compressive strengths of order of 100–150MPa in laboratory.
Typical properties of silica fume

PROPERTY VALUE
Particle size(Typical) <1µm
Bulk density
As-produced 130–430 kg/m3
Slurry 1,320–1,440 kg/m3
Densified 480–720 kg/m3
Specific gravity 2.22

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) 90 – 96%

Aluminium Oxide(Al2O3) 0.5-0.8%

Ferric Oxide(Fe2O3) 0.2-0.8%

Calcium Oxide (CaO) 0.1-0.5%

Magnesium Oxide(MgO) 0.5-1.5%

Sulphur Trioxide(SO3) 0.1-0.4%

Sodium Oxide(Na2O) 0.2-0.7%

Potassium Oxide(K20) 0.4-1.0%

ADVANTAGES OF USING SILICA FUME
• High early compressive strength

• High tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of

elasticity

• Very low permeability to chloride and water intrusion

• Enhanced durability

• Increased toughness

• Increased abrasion resistance on decks, floors, overlays and

marine structures

• Superior resistance to chemical attack from chlorides, acids,

nitrates and sulphates

• Higher bond strength

• High electrical resistivity and low permeability

 
GROUND
GRANULATED
BLAST
FURNACE
SLAG
(GGBS)
1. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product from
the blast-furnaces used to make iron.

2. These operate at a temperature of about 1,500 degrees centigrade

and are fed with a carefully controlled mixture of iron-ore, coke and
limestone.

3. This slag is periodically tapped off as a molten liquid and if it is to

be used for the manufacture of GGBS it has to be rapidly quenched
in large volumes of water.

4. The blast furnaces used to make iron operate at temperatures up to

2000°C and are fed with a carefully controlled mixture of iron ore,
coke and limestone

5. To produce GGBS, this granulated blast furnace slag is dried and

ground to a fineness similar to that of Portland cement.
PROPERTIES OF SLAG

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Fineness 450 to 550m2/kg

Bulk density 1000 to 1100kg/m3(loose)

Specific Gravity 2.9

Colour Off white

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Calcium oxide(CaO) 31-40%

Silicon dioxide(SiO2) 29-38%

Aluminium oxide(Al2O3) 14-22%

Magnesium oxide(MgO) 7-11%

Ferrous oxide(FeO) 0.1-1.9%

Manganese oxide(MnO) 0.01-1.2%

Sulphur 1.0-1.9%

Basicity (CaO/SiO2) 0.9-1.3%

 USES OF GGBS
1. Used as a filler material as it is similar to that
of cement clinker.

2. Used for manufacturing slag cement.

3. Used as an admixture in making concrete.

WATER
Portable Water With Ph Value of 7.0 and Confirming to IS 456-
2000 was used for making Concrete & Curing the specimen as
well. Water Cement Ratio is Determine by Normal consistency
of Cement (Opc-53 grade) and taken as 0.45 .
 TESTS TO BE
CONDUCTED ON
MORTAR AND
CONCRETE
COMPRESSIVE TEST
1. The compressive strength is usually obtained experimentally by means of
a compressive test.

2. After curing for 7,14,28 days, cubes are tested for their compressive strengths. A
compression testing machine used in this regard.

3. The cube is placed in position and the load is applied gradually. The failure
load is noted down and the compressive strengths are calculated by dividing
the failure load by the surface area of the cube.
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
ON BEAM
1. The tensile strength of concrete can be expressed as follows
a Flexural tensile strength
b Splitting tensile strength
c Direct tensile strength

Flexural tensile strength: It is measured by testing beams under 2 point

loading (also called 4 point loading including the reactions).
 SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE(SEM) TEST
1. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of 
electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it
with a focused beam of electrons. 
2.  The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various
signals that can be detected and that contain information about the
sample's surface topography and composition.

3. Images of topography can be used to study the particle size, shape,

surface, roughness and fracture surfaces.
SEM Testing Machine
 X-RAY DIFFRACTION
TEST(XRD)
1. The atomic planes of a crystal cause an incident beam of X-rays to
interfere with one another as they leave the crystal. The
phenomenon is called X-ray diffraction.

2. Measure the average spacing's between layers or rows of atoms.

3. Determine the orientation of a single crystal or grain.

4. Find the crystal structure of an unknown material.

5. Measure the size, shape and internal stress of small crystalline

regions.
XRD TESTING MACHINE
LITERATURE
REVIEW
REFERENCE
1. Atul Dubey, Dr R Chandak and Prof R.K Yadav. “Effect of Blast Furnace Slag
Powder on Compressive strength of concrete”, International journal of scientific
& engg research volume 3, issue 8, august 2012 issn 2229-5518.

RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE:-
From the experimental investigations, it has been observed that, the optimum
replacement of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Powder to cement without
changing much the compressive strength is 15%.

The research reported in this study, blast furnace slag powder obtained from steel
plant Bhilai is used as a cement replacement material in concrete mix. Optimal
dosage range of this blast furnace slag powder is chosen based on concrete mix
studies .The ultimate focus of this work is to ascertain the performance of concrete
mix containing blast furnace powder and compare it with the plain concrete mix of
ratio(1:1.67:3.2). This is expected to provide:-

To partially replace cement content in concrete as it directly influences economy in

construction.

Environmental friendly disposal of waste steel slag.

2. K.Chinnaraju, K.Subramanian & S.R.R.Senthil Kuma. “Role of Silica
Fume & GGBS on Strenght Concrete”, International Journal of Earth
Science &Engg ISSN 0974-5904,Vol 02, No.05, October 2009,PP. 450 457.

RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE:-
 
1. There is no enhancement in compressive strength at 7 days due to
replacement of cement by GGBS, however due to addition of silica fume there is
appreciable increase in compressive strength and also noticed that the increase
in compressive strength is maximum at 10% addition of silica fume.
 
2. Even though the compressive strength decreases at 7th day due to the
addition of GGBS, the 28th day compressive strength attains almost the control
specimen value. This shows that the rate of decrease of compressive strength at
early stage is compensated at the later stage due to the addition of GGBS and
the contribution of silica fume for the later developments of strength is
negligible.
 
3. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that the 10 % addition of
silica fume with any level of cement replacements by GGBS gives the optimum
value of compressive strength, split and flexural strengths as well. It can also be
concluded that the replacements of 20% by GGBS with 10% addition of silica
fume yields an overall optimum value.
3. Md. Moinul Islam, Dr.Md.Saiful Islam, Md. Aftabur Rahman And Amrita
Das..,”Strength Behaviour Of Mortar Using Slag As Partial Replacement Of
Cement” Department Of Civil Engineering, Chittagong University Of
Engineering And Technology,Chittagong,Bangladesh.

RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE:-
1. Test results show that strength increases with the increase of slag up to an
optimum value, beyond which, strength values start decreasing with further
addition of slag. Among the seven slag mortars, the optimum amount of
cement replacement is about 40%, which provides 19% higher compressive
strength and 25% higher tensile strength as compared to OPC mortar.

2. In order to reduce the emission of harmful green house gasses and fuel
consumption, use of cement must be replaced with other environmentally
friendly and efficient cementations material .

3. The local climate of Bangladesh is hot and humid with an average

temperature of approximately 30°C. This high ambient temperature is
favourable for the early hydration of slag and also ensures the proper
utilization of slag in an effective way which otherwise been dumped
making environmental hazard. Compressive as well as tensile strength tests
were carried out at different period to observe the performance of slag
mortar.
 SCOPE
OF
THE
PROJECT
The overall focus of this project is to ascertain the performance of concrete
mix containing blast furnace slag and silica fume and compared it with plain
concrete mix.
This is expected to provide:-
 
1. To partially replace the cement content in concrete as it directly influences
economy in construction.

2. Environmental friendly disposal of blast furnace slag.

3. To boost the use of industrial waste.

4. The silica content is added along with GGBS to accelerate the hydration
process and compensate the drawbacks.

5. The effect of silica fume in concrete can give a pozzolanic effect to the
concrete.

6. The GGBS can act as a filler material to the concrete.

7. If the local climate area is hot and humid with an average temperature of
approximately 300C, This high ambient temperature is favourable for the
early hydration of slag. It also ensures proper utilisation of slag in a
effective way.