Lecture PowerPoint
Chapter 11
Physics: Principles with
Applications, 6th edition
Giancoli
© 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall
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Chapter 11
Vibrations and Waves
11-7 Wave Motion
A wave travels
along its medium,
but the individual
particles just move
up and down.
11-7 Wave Motion
All types of traveling waves transport energy.
Study of a single wave
pulse shows that it is
begun with a vibration
and transmitted through
internal forces in the
medium.
Continuous waves start
with vibrations too. If the
vibration is SHM, then the
wave will be sinusoidal.
11-7 Wave Motion
Wave characteristics:
• Amplitude, A
• Wavelength, λ
• Frequency f and period T
• Wave velocity (11-12)
11-7 Wave Motion
Amplitude
•Related to the energy and intensity of a wave
•Distance from resting position to crest or
resting position to trough
11-7 Wave Motion
Wavelength, λ, unit is meters
•Distance from one crest to the next nearest
•Distance from one trough to the next nearest
•Distance from any point on a wave to the next
nearest similar point
11-7 Wave Motion
Frequency, f , units hertz (Hz) measured in s-1
• Number of wave crests that pass a point in
1s
Period, T, units s
• Time required for one complete wave to pass
a point
They are reciprocals
• f = 1/T
• T = 1/f
(11-12)
11-7 Wave Motion
Wave velocity, v , units m/s
• v = λf
• λ is wavelength in m
• f is frequency in Hz or s-1
• m x s-1 = m/s
•Frequency and wavelength are inversely
proportional if wave speed constant
• If frequency increases, wavelength
decreases
• If wavelength increases, frequency
decreases
11-7 Wave Motion
11-8 Forms of Waves: Mechanical and
Electromagnetic
• Mechanical waves require a medium in order to
transport energy
• Sound
• Water waves
• Earthquake waves
• Electromagnetic waves will travel in a medium
but do not require one
• Light and other forms of electromagnetic
waves
11-8 Types of Waves: Transverse and
Longitudinal
The motion of particles in a wave can either be
•Perpendicular to the wave direction (transverse)
•Parallel to it (longitudinal).
11-8 Types of Waves: Transverse and
Longitudinal
Sound waves are longitudinal waves:
11-8 Types of Waves: Transverse and
Longitudinal
Earthquakes produce body waves (which travel
through the interior of the Earth) and surface
waves (that travel across the surface)
Body waves include both longitudinal (primary)
waves and transverse (secondary) waves.
Both types can travel through solid material.
Only longitudinal waves can propagate through a
fluid – in the transverse direction, a fluid has no
restoring force.
Surface waves are waves that travel along the
boundary between two media.
11-9 Energy Transported by Waves
Just as with the oscillation that starts it, the
energy transported by a wave is proportional to
the square of the amplitude.
Definition of intensity:
The intensity is also proportional to the
square of the amplitude:
(11-15)
11-9 Energy Transported by Waves
If a wave is able to spread out three-
dimensionally from its source, and the medium is
uniform, the wave is spherical.
As long as the power
output is constant, we see
the intensity is also
inversely proportional to
the square of the radius:
(11-16b)
11-10 Intensity Related to Amplitude and
Frequency
By looking at the
energy of a particle of
matter in the medium
of the wave, we find:
Then, assuming the entire medium has the same
density, we find: (11-17)
Therefore, the intensity is proportional to the
square of the frequency
11-11 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
A wave reaching the end
of its medium, but where
the medium is still free
to move, will be
reflected (b), and its
reflection will be upright.
A wave hitting an obstacle will be
reflected (a), and its reflection will be
inverted.
11-11 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
A wave encountering a denser medium will be partly
reflected and partly transmitted; if the wave speed is
less in the denser medium, the wavelength will be
shorter.
11-11 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
Two- or three-dimensional waves can be
represented by wave fronts, which are curves
of surfaces where all the waves have the same
phase.
Lines perpendicular to
the wave fronts are
called rays; they point in
the direction of
propagation of the wave.
11-11 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
The law of reflection: the angle of incidence
equals the angle of reflection.
ϴi=ϴr
11-12 Interference; Principle of Superposition
The superposition principle says that when two waves
pass through the same point, the displacement is the
arithmetic sum of the individual displacements.
In the figure below, (a) exhibits destructive interference
and (b) exhibits constructive interference.
11-12 Interference; Principle of Superposition
These figures show the sum of two waves. In (a)
they add constructively; in (b) they add
destructively; and in (c) they add partially
destructively.
11-13 Standing Waves; Resonance
Standing waves occur
when both ends of a
string are fixed. In that
case, only waves which
are motionless at the
ends of the string can
persist. There are nodes,
where the amplitude is
always zero, and
antinodes, where the
amplitude varies from
zero to the maximum
value.
11-13 Standing Waves; Resonance
The frequencies of the
standing waves on a
particular string are called
resonant frequencies.
They are also referred to as
the fundamental and
harmonics.
11-13 Standing Waves; Resonance
The wavelengths and frequencies of standing
waves are:
(11-19a)
(11-19b)
11-14 Refraction
If the wave enters a medium where the wave
speed is different, it will be refracted – its wave
fronts and rays will change direction.
We can calculate the angle of
refraction, which depends on
both wave speeds:
(11-20)
11-14 Refraction
The law of refraction works both ways – a wave
going from a slower medium to a faster one
would follow the red line in the other direction.
11-15 Diffraction
When waves encounter an
obstacle, they bend
around it, leaving a
“shadow region.” This is
called diffraction.
11-15 Diffraction
The amount of diffraction depends on the size of the
obstacle compared to the wavelength. If the
obstacle is much smaller than the wavelength, the
wave is barely affected (a). If the object is
comparable to, or larger than, the wavelength,
diffraction is much more significant (b, c, d).
11-16 Mathematical Representation of a
Traveling Wave
To the left, we have a
snapshot of a traveling
wave at a single point
in time. Below left, the
same wave is shown
traveling.
11-16 Mathematical Representation of a
Traveling Wave
A full mathematical description of the wave
describes the displacement of any point as a
function of both distance and time:
(11-22)
Summary of Chapter 11
• Vibrating objects are sources of waves, which
may be either a pulse or continuous.
• Wavelength: distance between successive
crests.
• Frequency: number of crests that pass a given
point per unit time.
• Amplitude: maximum height of crest.
• Wave velocity:
Summary of Chapter 11
• Transverse wave: oscillations perpendicular to
direction of wave motion.
• Longitudinal wave: oscillations parallel to
direction of wave motion.
• Intensity: energy per unit time crossing unit
area (W/m2):
• Angle of reflection is equal to angle of
incidence.
ϴi=ϴr
Summary of Chapter 11
• When two waves pass through the same region
of space, they interfere. Interference may be
either constructive or destructive.
• Standing waves can be produced on a string
with both ends fixed. The waves that persist are
at the resonant frequencies.
• Nodes occur where there is no motion;
antinodes where the amplitude is maximum.
• Waves refract when entering a medium of
different wave speed, and diffract around
obstacles.
