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MBATech Unit7 Expertsystem

The document discusses different types of machine learning including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and rote learning. It also covers expert systems, their components, knowledge representation schemes, and the blackboard learning model. Expert systems use an inference engine and knowledge base to solve problems like an expert would by applying rules to data.

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Aditya Iyer
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49 views30 pages

MBATech Unit7 Expertsystem

The document discusses different types of machine learning including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and rote learning. It also covers expert systems, their components, knowledge representation schemes, and the blackboard learning model. Expert systems use an inference engine and knowledge base to solve problems like an expert would by applying rules to data.

Uploaded by

Aditya Iyer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Expert System

Unit-7
What is Learning?
• In 1983 Herbert Simon defines learning as:

Learning denotes changes in a system that


enable a system to do the same task more
efficiently the next time.
What is learning ?
• Learning is an important feature of “Intelligence”.

1.1 Definition
• A computer program is said to learn from experience E
with respect to some class of tasks T and performance
measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured
by P, improves with experience E. (Mitchell 1997)

• This means :
Given : A task T
• A performance measure P
• Some experience E with the task

Goal : Generalize the experience in a way that allows to


improve your performance on the task.

Why do Machine Learning?


• Understand and improve efficiency of human learning.
• Discover new things or structure that is unknown to
humans.
Learning
• Learning is essential for unknown environments,
– i.e., when designer lacks knowledge

• Learning is useful as a system construction method,


– i.e., expose the agent to reality rather than trying to write
it down

• Learning modifies the agent's decision mechanisms


to improve performance
Learning Agent
• Learning agent consist of four main
components :
Performance element
Learning element
Critic
Problem generator.
Learning agents
Components
■ Performance Element: It is the agent itself that acts
in the world. It chooses the actions.
■ Learning Element: It is the part of the agent
responsible for improving its performance.
■ Critic: Tells the Learning Element how agent is doing
(success or failure) by comparing with a fixed
standard of performance.
■ Problem Generator: Suggests "problems" or actions
that will generate new examples or experiences that
will aid in training the system further.
Example : Automated Taxi on city roads
■ Performance Element: Consists of knowledge and
procedures for driving actions.
e.g., turning, accelerating, braking are performance element
on roads.
■ Learning Element: Formulates goals.
e.g., learn rules for braking and accelerating, learn
geography of the city, etc.
■ Critic: Observes world and passes information to
learning element.
e.g. quick right turn across three lanes of traffic, observe
reaction of other drivers.
■ Problem Generator: Try South city Road.
Types of Learning
• Supervised Learning:
The system is supplied with a set of training
examples consisting of inputs and
corresponding outputs, and is required to
discover the relation or mapping between
them.
Unsupervised Learning
The system is supplied with a set of training
examples consisting or inputs and is required
to discover for itself what appropriate outputs
should be e.g. a Kohonen Network or Self
Organising Map
Supervised and Unsupervised learning

• https://becominghuman.ai/introduction-to-m
achine-learning-world-19a9471342c1
Reinforcement Learning
The system takes actions (without initially
knowing the utility of those actions), and then
after the actions are taken receives feedback
in the form of a reward that enables the
system to infer utility values for available
actions in each state of the world
Rote Learning
The new knowledge is implanted directly with
no inference at all e.g. simple memorisation of
past events, or a knowledge engineer’s direct
programming of rules elicited from a human
expert into an expert system
Rote Learning
• Learning by Memorization :
Avoids understanding the inner complexities
the subject that is being learned, it focuses on
memorizing the material so that it can be
recalled by the learner exactly the way it was
read or heard.
Rote Learning
• Learning something by repeating:
• Saying the same thing and trying to remember
how to say it. It does not help us to
understand, it helps us to remember like we
learn a poem or song.
Expert system
• An Expert system is a software that attempts
to reproduce the performance of one or more
human experts. Most commonly in a specific
problem domain.
• Example:
Play chess
Help in financial decisions etc.
Why expert system
• Can be suitable and affordable when expertise
is expensive or unavailable
• Human can fail to work under pressure
• Human working is time bound which is not
true for system
• Can save cost
• Well functioning ES provides increased
distribution of expertise
Expert System

• Inference engine + Knowledge = Expert system


• ( Algorithm + Data structures = Program in traditional
computer )
• First expert system was developed in the early 70's,
called DENDRAL by Stanford University.
• Expert system components and human
interfaces
• Expert systems have a number of major
system components and interface with
individuals in various roles. These are
illustrated below.
Components and Interfaces
• Knowledge base : a declarative representation of
the expertise; often IF THEN rules;
• Working storage : the data; specific to a problem
being solved;
• Inference engine : the code at the core of the
system; derives recommendations from the
knowledge base and problem-specific data in
working storage;
• User interface : the code that controls the dialog
between the user and the system.
Roles of individuals who interact with the
system
• Domain expert : the individuals who currently
are experts solving the problems, here the
system is intended to solve;
• Knowledge engineer : the individual who
encodes the expert's knowledge in a
declarative form that can be used by the
expert system;
• User : the individual who will be consulting
with the system to get advice which would
have been provided by the expert.
Knowledge engineer
• Extract knowledge from expert and represent
it
• Good in domain knowledge
• Good in knowledge representation
• Assist expert to determine representation of
their knowledge
• Knowledge engineer will abstract general rules
from knowledge obtained from experts
Expert system shell
• An Expert system shell is a software
development environment. It contains the
basic components of expert systems. A shell is
associated with a prescribed method for
building applications by configuring and
instantiating these components.
Expert system shell
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Expert-Syste
m-Shells_8599/
Characteristics and Limitations of Expert
system
https://www.guru99.com/expert-systems-with-a
pplications.html

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Characteristi
cs-of-an-Expert-System_8929/
Knowledge representation schemes

• https://www.javatpoint.com/knowledge-repre
sentation-in-ai

• Relational knowledge
• Inheritable knowledge
• Inferential knowledge
• Procedural Knowledge
Knowledge representation schemes

• Declarative knowledge
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Knowledge-R
epresentation-Schemes_8581/
Blackboard Learning Model
A blackboard system is an artificial intelligence
approach based on the blackboard architectural
model, where a common knowledge base, the
"blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse
group of specialist knowledge sources, starting
with a problem specification and ending with a
solution.

https://www.slideshare.net/aish006/blackboard-a
rchitecture-pattern

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