Impedance Matching with Lumped Elements

jX1

jB2
YL
Circuit used when G L  1
1 1
Z in  jX 1   jX 1   Z0
1 1
jB2  jB2 
ZL RL  jX L
B2 ( X 1 RL  X L Z 0 )  RL  Z 0
X 1 (1  B2 X L )  B2 Z 0 RL  X L
X L  RL / Z 0 RL2  X L2  Z 0 RL
B2 
RL2  X L2
1 X L Z0 Z0
X1   
B2 RL B2 RL
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 1
 jX1
jB2 ZL

Circuit used when R L  1

1
Yin  jB2   1/ Z0
RL  j ( X 1  X L )
B2 Z 0 ( X 1  X L )  Z 0  RL
( X 2  X L )  B2 Z 0 RL
X 1   RL ( Z 0  RL )  X L
 ( Z 0  RL ) / RL
B2 
Z0
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 2
 Single-Stub Matching

Yin  1  jB Load impedance

1  Input admittance=S
Yin  S
1 
If YL is real, then the reflection coefficient is real
Let d 0 be the distance from the voltage - minimum point where
Yin  1  jB
 S 1
d0  cos 1
4 S 1
 1 S
The stub length 0  tan
2 S 1
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 3
 Series Stub

Voltage minimum

Z in  1 / S
S 1  j tan d 0 Input impedance=1/S
Z in  1  jX 
1  jS 1 j tan d 0
 1 1  S
d0  cos
4 1 S
1
X  (1  ) tan d 0
S
j tan 0   jX
 1 1  S
0  tan
2 S
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 4
 Double Stub Matching Network
b a

jB2 jB1 YL

b a


YL is transformed into YL
YL  G L  jBL at the plane aa
The first stub adds a susceptance j B1 which moves the point
along constant conductance circle to P2
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 5
 x=1

YL
Popen circuit
Pshort circuit r=1
0
r=0.5 Real part of
Refl. Coeff.
Smith Chart
x=-1

Move from P2 to P3 along a constant radius circle through an angle

  2 d
At the plane b - b the input admittance is Yb  Gb  jBb .
The P3 must lie on the G  1 circle. The stub will cancel jBb .
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 6
 x=1
P2
YL
G1=1
Popen circuit
Pshort circuit r=1
0
r=0.5 Real part of
Refl. Coeff.
Smith Chart P3
x=-1

Rotate the the G=1 circle through an angle

The-intersection of G=1 and the GL circle determine
The point P2
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 7
 x=1

YL
Popen circuit
Pshort circuit r=1
0
r=0.5 Real part of
Refl. Coeff.

x=-1

Smith Chart
The shaded range is for the load impedance which
cannot be matched when d=1/8 wavelength
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 8
 Quarter-Wave Transformers

ZC=Z0 ZC=Z1 ZL

4
Z L  jZ1 tan(  / 4) Z12
Z in  Z1   Z0
Z1  jZ L tan(  / 4) Z L
Z1  Z 0 Z L  perfect match
Z L  jZ1t
Zin  Z1 , t  tan   tan  ( f )
Z1  jZ L t
Z in  Z 0 Z L  Z0
 
Z in  Z 0 Z L  Z 0  jt 2 Z 0 Z L
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 9
 1
 
2
 2 Z1 Z L 
1  sec 
 Z L  Z1 
 
If f is near f 0 then   /2 and sec 2  1 
Z L  Z1
  cos 
2 Z1 Z L
If  m is the maximum value of reflection coefficient
that can be tolerated
The corresponding value of  is  m
2  m Z1 Z L
 m  cos 1

( Z L  Z 1 ) 1   m2
The band width f  2(f 0  f m ) is very small
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 10
 



m
2 
m  

Bandwidth characteristic for a single

Section quarter wave transformer
 
  Bandwidth  2   m 
2 

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 11
 Theory of Small Reflection


1
 2  
1 L

  

Z 2  Z1
1  , 2  1
Z 2  Z1
2Z 2 2Z1
T21  1  1  , T12 
Z 2  Z1 Z 2  Z1
ZL  Z2
3 
ZL  Z2
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 12
 1    3
T21
e  j

  1  T12T213 e  2 j  T12T2132 2 e  4 j  ...


T12T213 e  2 j
 1  T12T213 e  2 j  2n 3n e  2 jn  1 
n 0 1  2 3 e  2 j
Substitute for T12  1  2  1  1 , T21  1  1 
1  3 e  2 j  2 j
  1  3 e
1  13 e  2 j
If 1 and 3 are small compared to unity
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 13
 21
1

T12T213 e 2 j T213 e 2 j
T212 3 e 2 j
T12T2132 e 4 j T12 2 32 e 4 j
T2122 32 e 4 j
T212 32 e 6 j
6 j 2
T12T21  e
2
2
2
3

Multiple reflection of waves for a circuit

with two reflection junctions
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 14
 Approximate Theory for Multi-Section
Quarter Wave Transformers




L
0 1 2
N

A multi-section quarter-wave transformer

Assume Z L is real
Z1  Z 0 Z n 1  Z n
0   0 , n   n
Z1  Z 0 Z n 1  Z n
ZL  ZN
The last reflection coefficien t is N   N
ZL  ZN
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 15
    0  1e 2 j   2 e 4 j  ....   N e 2 jN
Assume that the tranformer is symmetrical i.e.
 0   N , 1   N 1 ,  2   N  2 , ...etc
  e  jN [  0 (e jN  e  jN )  1 (e j ( N  2 )  e  j ( N  2 ) )  ...]
 2e  jN [  0 cos N  1 cos( N  2)  ...   n cos( N  2n)  ...
  ( N 1) / 2 cos ] for N odd
 2e  jN [  0 cos N  1 cos( N  2)  ...   n cos( N  n)  ...
  ( N ) / 2 cos ] for N even

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 16
 Binomial Transformer
A maximally flat passband characteristics is obtained if   
and the first N - 1 derivatives w.r.t frequency ( or  ) vanish at the
matching frequency f 0 where   /2.
Choose ( )  A(1  e -2j ) N
 j N j  j N
( )  A e e e
    A2 N (cos ) N
Note that ( )  0 for   /2 and
d n
( ) / d n  0  0 at   /2 for n  1,2,..., N - 1
  /2 corresponds to the center frequency f 0 for which   /4
ZL  Z0
when   0 or  , (0) 
ZL  Z0
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 17
 N ZL  Z0
 (0)  A2 N
, A2
ZL  Z0
ZL  Z0 N ZL  Z 0
N
( )  2  N
ZL  Z 0
(1  e  2 j N
) 2
ZL  Z0
 ne
C N  2 j

n 0

N ( N  1)( N  2)...( N  n  1) N!
C N
n  
n! ( N  n)!n!

C nN  C NN n , C 0N  1, C1N  N  C NN1 , .....

Equate the desired passband response to the actual response
given by :
N
( )  A  C nN e  2 jn  0  1e  2 j  2 e  4 j  ....  N e  2 jN
n 0

Z LZ 0 N
n  2 N
C n   N n
Z L Z 0
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 18
 The characteristic impedances Z n can be found from the  n
1 Z n 1 Z n 1 Z n x 1
ln   n Use : lnx  2
2 Zn Z n 1 Z n x 1
Z n 1  Z n e 2  n
Z n 1  N Z LZ 0 ZL
ln  2  n  2[2 N N
C n ]  2 C n ln
N

Zn Z L Z 0 Z0
 ( N 1) ZL
A2 ln( )
Z0
1  Z1 Z2 ZL 
2 A  (0)  ln
N
 ln  ...  ln 
2  Z0 Z1 ZN 
1 Z1 Z 2 Z L 1 ZL
 ln( ... )  ln
2 Z 0 Z1 Z N 2 Z0
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 19
 The maximum value of reflection coeficient that can be tolerated
over the passband is
 m  2 N A cos N  m
 m   / 2 is the lower edge of the passband

1 1   m 
1/ N

 m  cos    
 2  A  
The fractional bandwidth is :
f 2( f 0  f m ) 4 m 4 
1 1   m 
1/ N

  2  2  cos    
f0 f0    2  A  

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 20
 Example
Z3 ZL
Z1 Z2
Z0
Design a three section binomial transformer to match
a 50 Ohms load to a 100 Ohms line. Calculate the bandwidth
For max reflection =.05 over the passband.
For 3 sections N  3, Z L  50, Z 0  100 
3 ZL  Z0 1 ZL
A2  4 ln
Z L  Z0 2 Z0
3! 3!
C 
3
0  1 , C1 
3
3 ,
(3  0)!0! (3  1)!1!
3! 3!
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki C 23   3, C 33  1 21
(3  2)!2! (3  3)!3!
 ZL
n  0 : lnZ1  ln Z 0  2 3 C 03 ln
Z0
3 50
ln Z 1  ln 100  2 ln  4.518  Z 1  91.7
100
3 ZL
n  1 : lnZ 2  ln Z 1  2 C1 ln
3

Z0
3 50
ln Z 2  ln 91.7  2 (3) ln  4.26  Z 2  70.7
100
3 ZL
n  2 : lnZ3  ln Z 2  2 C 2 ln
3

Z0
3 50
ln Z 3  ln 70.7  2 (3) ln  4.00  Z 3  54.5
100
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 22
 Chebyshev Transformer
ZL  Z0
ZL  Z0

m

m m 
Tn ( x) : Chebyshev polynomial of degree n
T1 ( x)  x
T2 ( x)  2 x 2  1
T3 ( x)  4 x 3  3 x
Tn ( x)  2 xTn 1 ( x)  Tn 2 ( x)
Tn (cos )  cos n
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 23
  cos    1 cos  
Consider Tn   
 
 cos n cos 
 cos  m   cos  m 
  2e  jN [  0 cos N  1 cos( N  2)  ....
  n cos( N  2n)  .......]
 A e  jN TN (sec m cos )
When   0 we have :
ZL  Z0 1 ZL
  A TN (sec m )  ln
ZL  Z 0 2 Z0
ln( Z L / Z 0 )
A
2TN (sec m )
1  jN Z L TN (sec m cos )
 e ln
2 Z 0 TN (sec m )
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 24
In the passband the maximum value of TN (sec m cos ) is unity
ln(Z L / Z 0 )
m 
2TN (sec m )
1 1 1 1 ln( Z L / Z 0 ) 
TN (sec m )   m ln(Z L / Z 0 ) , sec m  cos cos 
2 N 2 m 
n
(cos ) n  2  n e  jn (1  e 2 j ) n  2  n e  jn  C mn e 2 jm
m0

 2  n 1 [C 0n cos n  C1n cos(n  2)  .......  C mn cos(n  2m)  ....]

T1 (sec m cos )  sec m cos
T2 (sec m cos )  2(sec m cos ) 2  1  sec 2  m (1  cos 2 )  1
T3 (sec m cos )  sec 3  m (cos3 m  3cos )  3 sec m cos
T4 (sec m cos )  sec 4  m (cos4 m  4cos2  3)  4 sec 2  m (cos 2  1)
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 25
 Example
Design a two section Chebyshev transformer (two sections) to
Match a line of load impedance =2. The maximum tolerance
Value of is 0.05.
1
T2 (sec m )  2 sec  m  1 
2
 6.67
3(0.05)
sec m  1.96, and  m  1.04
2  0 cos 2  1   m T2 (sec m cos )
  msec 2 m cos2   m (sec 2 m  1)
1
 0   msec 2 m   2  0.099
2
1   m (sec 2 m  1)  0.148
Z1  e 2  0 Z 0  1.219, Z 2  e 2 1 Z1  1.639
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 26
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 27
 Design of Complex Impedance
Termination

Zc Amplifier Zc

Input ZL Output
Zs
Matching Matching
network network
Microwave amplifier circuit

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 28
 2
1 V0 c
The available power from the network is :
2 4 RT
Z T  RT  jX T
2 2
1 V0 c 4 RT R L 1 V0 c
The power delivered to R L  2
 M L  Pin
2 4 RT Z T  Z L 2 4 RT
ML  M

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 29
 l l

jB1
ZL Zc = ZL G=1

Stub
Transmission Line Matching Network

jX1 jX2

ZL jB2 ZL jB1
G=1 G=1

Alternative Matching Networks

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 30
 l/ 
5 =
4 37 0.0
0. j1 62
6
=
l/

ator
er
Gen

Y’in 1
YL

G=2
ZL= 0.4-j0.2
2
Lo
ad

Y”in
G=1

-j1

Design Procedure for the Matching Network with Shunt Stub

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 31
 VS Impedance Mismatch Factor
I
Z S  Z in
2
1 VS
Pin  Rin
2 Z S  Z in
If Z in  Z S* then Rin  RS , X in   X S
Maximum available power is obtained
2
1 VS
Pava 
2 4 RS

1 VS  4 Rin RS 
2

Pin   2
  Pava M
2 4 RS  Z in  Z S 
 
 4R R 
M  in S
2
 is called the impedance mismatch factor
 Z in ZakiZ S 
ENEE482-Dr. 32
 Z11-Z12 Z22-Z12
ZS ZT
ZL ZL
Z12
VS Voc

ML
Zin
A T matching network Thevenin equivalent
network

Z 12VS   Z 22 Z S
Voc  , ZT 
Z 11  Z S Z 11  Z S
2
  Z 11 Z 22  Z 12
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 33
 Impedance Transformation and Matching
Review of Transmission Lines and Smith Chart
V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  V0 e z  V0 ez
I ( z )  I  ( z )  I  ( z )  I 0 e z  I 0 ez ,
V0 V0

    Z 0 : Characters tic Impedance of the T.L.
I0 I0
V0 z V0 z
I(z)  e  e
Z0 Z0
V0
  REFLECTION COEFFICEINT  
Zg V0

Vg Z=0 Z0 Z=L
ZL

Finite Transmission
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki Line terminated with load impedance 34
L
  
V V
VL  V0 e L  V0 e L , I L  0 e L  0 e L ,
Z0 Z0
1 1
V0  (VL  I L Z 0 )e L V0  (VL  I L Z 0 )e L
2 2
IL
V ( z )  [( Z L  Z 0 )e  ( L  z )  ( Z L  Z 0 )e  ( L  z ) ]
2
IL
I ( z)  [( Z L  Z 0 )e  ( L  z )  ( Z L  Z 0 )e  ( L  z ) ]
2Z 0
Let z   L  z
V ( z )  I L ( Z L cosh z   Z 0 sinh z )
IL
I ( z )  ( Z L sinh z   Z 0 cosh z )
Z0
V ( z ) Z  Z 0 tanh z 
Z ( z )   Z0 L
I ( z ) Z 0  Z L tanh z 
Z L  Z 0 tanh L
Z in ( z   L)  Z 0
Z 0  Z L tanh L
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 35
Standing wave ration (SWR) S:

Vmax 1  S -1
S  ;  
Vmin 1  S 1
Smith Chart:
Z L  Z0
   e L
Z L  Z0
The normalized impedance z L
ZL 1  L
zL   r  jx 
Z0 1  L
j L
z 1 1   e
  r  i  L ; zL 
zL  1 1   e j L
j  2 j
Z in 1  () 1  L e 2 j 1  L e L
Z in    
Z 0 1  () 1  L e  2 j
1  L e j L 2 j
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 36
 (1  r )  ji
r  jx  
(1  r )  ji
1  r2  i2 2i
r ; x
(1  r )  i
2 2
(1  r ) 2  i2
2
r 2  1   1 
(r  )  i  
2
 ; Equation of a circle of a radius  
1 r 1 r  1 r 
r
and centered at r  and i  0
1 r
2 2
 1 1 1
(r  1)   i      ; Equation of a circle of radius
2

 x  x x
1
and centered at r  1 and i 
x
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 37
 Imaginary part of
Refl. Coeff.

x=1

Popen circuit
Pshort circuit r=1

0
r=0.5 Real part of
Refl. Coeff.

x=-1

ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 38
Smith Chart
 Review of Transmission Lines and Smith Chart
V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  V0 e z  V0 ez
I ( z )  I  ( z )  I  ( z )  I 0 e z  I 0 ez ,
V0 V0

    Z 0 : Characterstic Impedance of the T.L.
I0 I0
V0 z V0 z
I(z)  e  e
Z0 Z0
V0
  REFLECTION COEFFICEINT  
V0
Zg Z=0
Z=L

Vg Z0
ZL
L
Finite Transmission Line terminated with load impedance
ENEE482-Dr. Zaki 39