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Software: Operating System and Language: Lecture - 4

The document discusses computer software, including operating systems and programming languages. It describes the important functions of operating systems like memory management, processor management, and file management. It also covers popular operating systems like Windows, Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X and gives examples of different types of programming languages such as machine language, assembler language, high-level languages, and object-oriented languages.

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MD. Barkat ullah Bijoy
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70 views21 pages

Software: Operating System and Language: Lecture - 4

The document discusses computer software, including operating systems and programming languages. It describes the important functions of operating systems like memory management, processor management, and file management. It also covers popular operating systems like Windows, Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X and gives examples of different types of programming languages such as machine language, assembler language, high-level languages, and object-oriented languages.

Uploaded by

MD. Barkat ullah Bijoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE - 4

SOFTWARE:
OPERATING SYSTEM AND
LANGUAGE

James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas


Management Information Systems
Chapter 4 Computer Software 2

Operating Systems
Definition
•An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between
the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all
kinds of programs.
Chapter 4 Computer Software 3

Important Functions of an Operating System

• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users
Chapter 4 Computer Software 4

Memory Management
• Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in
use by whom, what part are not in use.
• In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will
get memory when and how much.
• Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do
so.
• De-allocates the memory when a process no longer
needs it or has been terminated.
Chapter 4 Computer Software 5

Processor Management
• Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program
responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.

• Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.

• De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.


Chapter 4 Computer Software 6

Device Management
• Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this
task is known as the I/O controller.

• Decides which process gets the device when and for how
much time.

• Allocates the device in the efficient way.

• De-allocates devices.
Chapter 4 Computer Software 7

File Management
• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The
collective facilities are often known as file system.

• Decides who gets the resources.

• Allocates the resources.

• De-allocates the resources.


Chapter 4 Computer Software 8

Other Important Activities of OS


• Security − By means of password and similar other
techniques, it prevents unauthorized access to programs and
data.
• Control over system performance − Recording delays
between request for a service and response from the system.
• Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used
by various jobs and users.
• Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error
messages, and other debugging and error detecting aids.
• Coordination between other softwares and users −
Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters,
assemblers and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
Chapter 4 Computer Software 9

Core Basic Functions of Operating


System
Chapter 4 Computer Software 10

Popular Operating Systems


• Windows
• GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
• Microsoft’s operating system
• NT, XP, 2003
• Different versions manage servers
• Unix
• Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
• Portable - can run on mainframes, midrange,
and PCs
• Linux
• Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like
operating system
• Open-source
• MAC OS X
• Apple operating system for the iMac
• GUI
• Multitasking
• Multimedia
Chapter 4 Computer Software 11

Programming Languages
Chapter 4 Computer Software 12

Programming Languages
• Examples of programming in each language
Chapter 4 Computer Software 13

Programming Languages
Chapter 4 Computer Software 14

Machine Languages
• First generation languages

• The most basic of programming languages


• Strings of binary codes unique to each computer
• Requires specific knowledge of the internal operations of the CPU
being used
• Must specify the storage locations for every instruction and item of
data used
• Difficult to work with, and error prone
Chapter 4 Computer Software 15

Assembler Languages
• Second generation languages

• Developed to reduce difficulties in writing machine language


programs
• Uses assemblers to convert the programs into machine instructions
• Symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage
locations
• Alphabetic abbreviations call mnemonics and other symbols
represent operation codes, storage locations, and data elements
Chapter 4 Computer Software 16

High-Level Languages
• Third generation languages

• Uses brief statements or arithmetic expressions


• Statements translated into machine language by compilers or
interpreters
• Less efficient than assembler languages and requires greater
translation time
• Machine independent
• Example: BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN, C, C++
Chapter 4 Computer Software 17

Fourth-Generation Languages
• Variety of programming languages that are nonprocedural
and conversational
• Encourages programmers to specify the results wanted; the computer
determines the sequence
of instructions that accomplishes the results
• Simplified the programming process
• Natural languages
• Very close to English or other human language
• Sometimes called fifth-generation (5GLs)
• No longer a trade-off between ease of use and flexibility
Chapter 4 Computer Software 18

Object-Oriented Languages
• Most widely used software development languages

• Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-oriented user


interfaces
• Reusable: can use an object from one application in another
application
• Example: Visual Basic, C++, Java
• Most object-oriented languages provide a GUI that supports visual
programming
Chapter 4 Computer Software 19

Web Languages
• HTML
• A page description language that creates hypertext documents for
the Web
• XML
• Describes Web page content by applying identifying tags or
contextual labels to the data
• Java
• Object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure, and
platform independent
• Java applets can be executed on any computer
Chapter 4 Computer Software 20

Language Translator Programs


• Translate instructions written in programming languages
into machine language
• Assembler
• Translates assembler language statement
• Compiler
• Translates high-level language statements
• Interpreter
• A compiler that translates and executes each statement in a
program, one at a time
Chapter 4 Computer Software 21

Questions
• Draw a diagram which links among Hardware, Software
and Users.
• What are the Important Functions of an Operating
System?
• What are the Popular Operating Systems – write their
features.
• Write the name of some High-level languages.

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