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    Microbial Nutrition: 1.nutrient Requirement 2.nutritional Types of Microorganisms 3.uptake of Nutrients 4.culture Media

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    Kavisa Ghosh
    Microorganisms require nutrients for growth that can be transported into cells through different mechanisms. Passive diffusion transports small molecules down concentration gradients without carriers. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to more rapidly transport solutes. Active transport transports molecules against gradients using metabolic energy. Group translocation transports and chemically alters molecules simultaneously through systems like phosphotransferase pathways. Microbes take up iron using siderophores that complex and transport ferric iron.

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    Microbial Nutrition: 1.nutrient Requirement 2.nutritional Types of Microorganisms 3.uptake of Nutrients 4.culture Media

    Uploaded by

    Kavisa Ghosh
    919 views31 pages
    Microorganisms require nutrients for growth that can be transported into cells through different mechanisms. Passive diffusion transports small molecules down concentration gradients without carriers. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to more rapidly transport solutes. Active transport transports molecules against gradients using metabolic energy. Group translocation transports and chemically alters molecules simultaneously through systems like phosphotransferase pathways. Microbes take up iron using siderophores that complex and transport ferric iron.

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    Microorganisms require nutrients for growth that can be transported into cells through different mechanisms. Passive diffusion transports small molecules down concentration gradients without carriers. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to more rapidly transport solutes. Active transport transports molecules against gradients using metabolic energy. Group translocation transports and chemically alters molecules simultaneously through systems like phosphotransferase pathways. Microbes take up iron using siderophores that complex and transport ferric iron.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    919 views31 pages

    Microbial Nutrition: 1.nutrient Requirement 2.nutritional Types of Microorganisms 3.uptake of Nutrients 4.culture Media

    Uploaded by

    Kavisa Ghosh
    Microorganisms require nutrients for growth that can be transported into cells through different mechanisms. Passive diffusion transports small molecules down concentration gradients without carriers. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to more rapidly transport solutes. Active transport transports molecules against gradients using metabolic energy. Group translocation transports and chemically alters molecules simultaneously through systems like phosphotransferase pathways. Microbes take up iron using siderophores that complex and transport ferric iron.

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    of 31

    Chapter3

    Microbial nutrition
    1.Nutrient requirement
    2.Nutritional types of microorganisms
    3.Uptake of nutrients
    4.Culture media
    Microbial Growth Conditions
    1. Macronutrients
    2. Micronutrients
    3. Growth factors
    4. Environmental factors: temperature; pH; Oxygen et al.

    Nutrient requirements
    Microorganisms require about ten elements in large
    quantities, because they are used to construct
    carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    Several other elements are needed in very small
    amounts and are parts of enzymes and cofactors.
    Microbial Nutrition
    Nutrients: Substances in the environment used by
    organisms for catabolism and anabolism.
    1. Macronutrients: required in large amounts, including: c
    arbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (Compone
    nts of carbonhydrates, lipids, proteins, and mucleic acids ); potass
    ium, calcium, magnesium and iron (cations and part of enzy
    mes and cofactors).
    2. Micronutrients: Microbes require very small amounts o
    f other mineral elements, such as iron, copper, molybden
    um, and zinc; these are referred to as trace elements. M
    ost are essential for activity of certain enzymes, usually a
    s cofactors.
    contaminants in water, glassware, and regular media
    components often are adequate for growth.
    Growth Factors

    (1)amino acids, (2) purines and pyrimidines, (3) vitamins

    Amino acids are needed for protein synthesis,


    purines and pyrimidines for nucleic acid synthesis.
    Vitamins are small organic molecules that usually ma
    ke up all or part enzyme cofactors, and only very s
    mall amounts are required for growth.
    Requirement for carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

    Carbon sources: heterotrophs: “CHO”


    autotrophs: CO2

    Extraordinary flexibility:
    No naturally occurring organic molecule cannot be us
    ed by some microorganism. eg. Paraffin, rubber.
    Omnivores: use over 100 different carbon compounds.
    Fastidious: catabolize only a few carbon compound

    Relatively indigestible human-made substances are m


    etabolized by complex populations of microorganisms.
    Nutritional types of microorganisms
    Sources of energy,
    Major nutritional hydrogen/electrons, Representative
    type and carbon microorganisms
    Photoautotroph Light energy, inorganic Algae, Purple and green b
    hydrogen/electron(H/e-) acteria, Cyanobacteria
    (Photolithotroph) donor, CO2 carbon source

    Photoheterotroph Light energy, inorganic Purple nonsulfur bacteria,


    H/e- donor, Green sulfur bacteria
    (Photoorganotroph)
    Organic carbon source
    Chemoautotroph Chemical energy source Sulfur-oxdizing bacteria,
    (inorganic), Inorganic H/e- Hydrogen bacteria,
    (Chemolithotroph) donor, CO2 carbon source Nitrifying bacteria

    Chemoheterotroph Chemical energy source Most bacteria, fungi,


    (organic), Organic H/e- protozoa
    (Chenoorganotroph) donor, Organic carbon
    source
    Photoautotroph:
    Algae, Cyanobacteria
    Light + Chlorophyll
    CO2 + H2O （ CH2O ） +O2

    Purple and green bacteria


    Light + bacteriochlorophyll
    CO2 + 2H2S （ CH2O ） + H
    2O + 2S

    Photoheterotroph:
    Purple nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillum)
    CO2 + 2CH3CHOHCH3 Light + bacteriochlorophyll （ CH2O ）
    + H2O + 2CH3COCH3
    Properties of microbial photosynthetic systems

    Property cyanobacteria Green and Purple nonsulfur b


    purple bacteria acteria
    Photo - pigment Chlorophyll Bcteriochlorophyll Bcteriochlorophyll

    O2 production Yes No No
    Electron donors H2O H2, H2S, S H2, H2S, S
    Carbon source CO2 CO2 Organic / CO2
    Primary products ATP + NADPH ATP ATP
    of energy
    conversion
    Chemoautotroph:

    Bacteria Electron Electron Products


    donor acceptor
    Alcaligens and Pseudo H2 O2 H2O
    monas sp.
    Nitrobacter NO2- O2 NO3- , H2O
    Nitrosomonas NH4+ O2 NO2- , H2O
    Desulfovibrio H2 SO4 2- H2O. H2S
    Thiobacillus denitrificans
    S0. H2S NO3- SO4 2- , N2
    Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
    Fe2+ O2 Fe3+ , H2O

    Nitrifying bacteria

    2 NH4+ + 3 O2 2 NO2- + 2 H2O + 4 H+ + 132 Kcal


    Nutritional types of microorganisms

    • Phototrophs: use light as energy source.


    • Chenotrophs: obtain energy from the oxidati
    on of chemical compounds.
    • Lithotrophs: use reduced inorganic substanc
    es as their electron source.
    • Organotrophs: exteact electrons from organi
    c compounds.
    Mixotrophic: many purple nonsulfur ba
    cteria

    1. No oxygen: photoorganotrophic heterot


    rophs
    2. Normal oxygen: oxidize organic molec
    ules and function chemotrophically.
    3. Low oxygen: photosynthesis and oxidat
    ive metabolism
    Uptake of nutrients

    Nutrient molecules frequently cannot cross


    selectively permeable plasma membranes through
    passive diffusion and must be transported by one of
    three major mechanisms involving the use of
    membrane carrier proteins.
    1, Phagocytosis – Protozoa
    2, Permeability absorption – Most microorganisms

    • passive transport (simple diffusion)


    • facilitated diffusion
    • active transport
    • group translocation
    passive diffusion

    A few substances, such as glycerol, H2O, O2


    can cross the plasma membrane by passive
    diffusion. Passive diffusion is the process in
    which molecules move from a region of higher
    concentration to one of lower concentration as a
    result of random thermal agitation.
    no carrier protein;
    no energy.
    Facilitated diffusion
    The rate of diffusion across selectively permeable membranes is
    greatly increased by the use of carrier proteins, sometimes called per
    meases, which are embedded in the plasina membrane. Since the diff
    usion process is aided by a carrier, it is called facilitated diffusion.

    The rate of facilitated d


    iffusion increases with the co
    ncentratioti gradient much m
    ore rapidly and at lower conc
    entrations of the diffusing mo
    lecule than that of passive dif
    fusion.
    Facilitated diffusion
    • higer con. lower con.
    • Facilitated diffusion: carrier protein, permeases.

    • Each carrier is selective and will transport only


    closely related solutes.
    Seem not to be important in procaryotes, much
    more prominent in Eucaryotic cells.
    A model of facilitated diffusion

    The membrane carrier can change


    conformation after binding an external
    molecule and subsequently release the
    molecule on the cell interior. It then
    returns to the outward oriented
    position and is ready to bind another
    solute molecule.

    Because there is no energy input,


    molecules will continue to enter only
    as long as their concentration is
    greater on the outside.
    Active transport

    Active transport is the transport of solute mol


    ecules to higher concentrations, or against a conce
    ntration gradient, with the use of metabolic energy
    input.

    •lower con. higer con.


    •Permeases, energy
    Proton gradients
    • Symport: linked transport of
    two substances in the same d
    irection.
    • Antiport: linked transport of
    two substances in the opposi
    te direction.
    • Uniport: one substance enter
    Group translocation

    A process in which a molecule is transported i


    nto the cell while being chemically altered.

    The best-known group translocation system is the pho


    sphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PT
    S), which transports a variety of sugars into procaryotic
    cells while Simultaneously phosphorylating them using
    phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as the phosphate donor.
    PTS: sugar phosphortransferase system
    PEP+sugar(outside)pyruvate+sugar-P(inside)
    The following components are involved in the system
    :
    phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP;
    EI (enzyme I), Hpr (the low molecular weight heat-stable protein): c
    ytoplasmic, common to all PTSs.
    EII (enzyme II) :
    EIIa: cytoplasmic and soluble
    EIIb: hydrophilic but frequently is attached toEIIc.
    EIIc: a hydrophobic protein that is embedded in the
    membrane.
    Only specific sugars and varies with PTS.
    The phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase syst
    em of E. coli.
    Simple comparison of transport systems
    Items Passive Facilitated Active Group
    diffusion diffusion transport translocation

    Non Yes Yes Yes


    carrier proteins

    transport speed Slow Rapid Rapid Rapid

    against gradient Non Non Yes Yes

    Specificity Specificity Specificity


    transport No specificity
    molecules
    metabolic No need Need Need Need
    energy

    Solutes Not changed Changed Changed Changed


    molecules
    Iron uptake
    • Cytochromes and many enzymes
    • Extreme insolubility of ferric iron(Fe3+) and its derivatives.
    Difficult
    • Siderophores: low M.W., be able to complex with ferric ir
    on and supply it to the cell.
    • Microorganisms secrete siderophores when little iron is av
    ailable in the medium.
    iron-siderophore complex bind the receptor of cell surface:
    Fe3+ release; complex enter by ABC transporter.
    Siderophores (S)
    Receptor

    Fe 2+/S

    Fe 2+/S
    Cuture media
    A culture media is a solid or liquid prep
    aration used to grow, transport, and store mic
    roorganisms.

    Other functions:
    Isolation and identification
    The testing of antibiotic sensitivities
    Water and food analysis
    Industrial microbiology, et. al
    Synthetic or defined media
    • A medium in which all components are kno
    wn.
    eg. Medium for E.coli (g/liter)
    glucose 1.0; Na2HPO4 16.4; KH2PO4 1.5;
    (NH4)2SO4 2.0; MgSO4 · 7H2O 200mg; C
    aCl2 10mg; FeSO4 · 7H2O 0.5mg; Final p
    H 6.8-7.0
    Complex media
    • Media that contain some ingredients of
    unknown chemical composition like pe
    ptones, meat extract, and yeast extract.
    • What is peptones? Protein hydrolysates
    eg. LB medium: peptone; yeast extract; s
    odium chloride; glucose.
    Solid medium
    • Liquid media+1.0-2.2% agar, common 1.5%.

    • What is agar? Agar is a sulfated polymer composed mainly


    of D-galactose, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, and D-glucurouic ac
    id, extracted from red algae.
    40-42℃ harden
    80-90℃ melt
    • Most microorganism cannot degrade it.

    • Other: silica gel for autotrophic bacteria


    Types of media
    • Selective media: favor the growth of particular micr
    oorganisms.
    “ 加抑” : add componments which inhibite the
    growth of unfavored bacteria.
    “ 加富” : add components which promote the gr
    owth of favored bacteria.
    • Differential media: distinguish between different gr
    oups of bacteria.
    MacConkey agar: lactose, neutral red dye; lactose-f
    ermenting colonies appear pink to red in color.
    What we have learned so far?
    • Macro- and micronutrients? Defined medium and
    complex medium?
    • Requirements for carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitro
    gen, phosphorus and sulfur?
    • Nutritional types of microorganisms
    • What are growth factors?
    • What are facilitated diffusion, Active transport. G
    roup translocation, endocytosis and their differen
    ce?
    • How do cell uptake iron?
    • How to prepare a medium for cultivation microor
    ganisms?

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