Lecture -2

Review of Discrete-time
signals
Dr K. Mohanaprasad
Associate Professor
School of Electronics Engineering
(SENSE)
VIT Chennai
Some Practical Signals:
– Audio Signals
– Video Signals
– Seismic Signals
– Biomedical Signals
– Time Series

2
 Â Discrete Time Signals

Sampling
Unit impulse sequence
Unit step sequence
Complex Exponential sequence
Periodicity
 Discrete-Time Signals
 A discrete-time signal, commonly referred to as a sequence, is
only
defined at discrete time instances, where t is defined to take
integer values only.
 Discrete-time signals may also be written as a sequence of
numbers inside braces:
{x[n]} = {K, − 0.2, 2.2,1.1, 0.2, − 3.7, 2.9,K}
↑
ª n indicates discrete time, in integer intervals, the bold-face denotes time t=0.
by sampling
 Discrete timewhich
signalscan
areroughly be interpreted
often generated from as quantizing
continuous the
time
independent variable (time)
signals

{x(n)} = x(nTs ) = t =nTs

n = L,−2,−1,0,1,2,L
x(t ) Sampling interval / period
 Sampling
 Think of sampling as a switch, that stays closed for an
infinitesimally small amount of signal time. It takes samples from the
continuous time.
It

Ts
 Discrete Signals
 A length-N sequence is often referred to as an N-point sequence
 The length of a finite-length sequence can be increased by zero-padding, i.e., by
appending it with zeros
 A right-sided sequence x[n] has zero-valued samples for n<N1. If N1>0, a
right- sided sequence is called a causal sequence

n
N1

 A left sequence x[n] has zero-valued samples for n>N2. If N2<0, a left-sided
sequence is called an anti-causal sequence

N2
n
 Discrete Time Signals

Unit Impulse (sequence)

1 , 𝑛 =0
 𝛿 ( 𝑛 )=
{⎨
0 , 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

The sifting property carries into discrete time domain

⎧ f [n0 ], n = n0
f [n]δ [n − n0 ] = f [n0 ]δ [n − n0 ] = ⎨
⎩0, n ≠ n0
a<n0, b>n0
b b
∑ f [n]δ [n − n0 ] = ∑ f [n0 ]δ [n − n0 ] = f [n0 ]
n=a n=a

 
δ(t) is non-zero only around t = 0
 Discrete Time Signals

Unit Impulse (sequence)

 The sifting property has one very important

consequence: A sequence can be generated in terms of impulses

x[n] = ... + x[−1]δ [n + 1] x[0]δ [n] x[1]δ [n − 1]

+ + + ...
= ∑ ∞ x[m]δ [n −
m=−∞m]

=x[-5]δ[n+5]

We will use this property in the future to define any system in terms of its “impulse response”
Discrete Time Signals

Unit Step (sequence)

n
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

⎨
1 ,𝑛 ≥ 0
 
𝑢 ( 𝑛 )=
{
0 , 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Continued………

•  Relation between u(n) and δ(n) is

11
 Discrete Time Signals

Exponential Sequence

 Exponential sequence -
x[n] = A α n , −∞<n<∞
ª where A and α are real or complex numbers. If |α|<1, this is decaying exponential
ª What about for 0 < α <1, or what about -1 < α < 0, and |α|>1???

 If we write α=e (σ o + jωo )

, A = A e jφ ,
Angular (discrete) frequency
ª then we can express of the sequence
jφ (σ o + jωo ) n
x[n] = A e e = xre [n] + j xim [n],
ª where
xre [n] = A e σ o n cos( ωo n + φ),
xim [n] = A e σ o n sin( ωo n + φ)
 Discrete Time Signals

Exponential Sequence
 xre[n] and xim[n] of a complex exponential sequence are real
sinusoidal sequences with constant (σ0=0), growing (σ0>0), or
attenuating (σ0<0) amplitudes for n > 0

Real part Imaginary part

1 1

0.5 0.5

Amplitude
Amplitude

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Time
Time
index n
index n

1 π
x[n] = exp(− + j 6 )n ⋅
12
u[n]
 Discrete Time Signals

Exponential Sequence

 A special case of the exponential signal is very commonly used in

DSP: A=real constant, and α=jωo is purely imaginary, i.e.,

x[n] = Ae jω o n = A(cos [ω 0 n ] + j sin [ω 0 n ])

 If both A and α are purely real, then we have a real exponential

sequence x[n] = Aα n , −∞ < n < ∞, A, α ∈ ℜ
α = 1.2 α = 0.9
50 20
40
15
Amplitude

30 Amplitude
10
20

10 5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time
Time
index n
index n
 Periodicity
 Sinusoidal sequence A cos(ωo n +φ) and complex exponential
sequence Be jωo n are periodic sequences of period N if
ω0N = 2πr, where N and r are positive integers
 Smallest value of N satisfying ωo N = 2πr is the fundamental
period of the sequence
 Any sequence that does not satisfy this condition is aperiodic
 To verify the above fact, consider
x1[n] = cos(ωo n + φ) x2 [n] = cos(ωo (n + N ) + φ)
x2 [n] = cos(ω o n + φ ) cos ωo N− sin(ω o n + φ ) sin ωo N
= cos(ω o n + φ ) = x1[n] iff sin ω o N = 0 and cos ωo N = 1
ª These two conditions are met if and only if
2π = N
ωo r
 Periodicity
 Note that any continuous sinusoidal /exponential signal is
periodic,
however, not all discrete sinusoidal sequences are:
ª A discrete time sequence sin(ω0n+φ) or ejω n is periodic with period N, if and
0

only if, there exists an integer m, such that mT0 is an integer, where T0=2π/ ω0.

ª In other words, ω0N = 2πr must be satisfied with two integers N and r, or N/r
must be rational number.

ª Are these sequences periodic?

x[n] = 3 cos(5n + π / 2)
j 7n
y[n] = e
x[n] = 5 sin(3πn + π / 2)
j3.7πn
y[n] = e
x[n] = 5 sin( 3πn + π /
2)
 Periodicity

 Try this:
ª n=0:1:1000;
ª x=sin(2*0.01*n);
ª plot(n,x)
 Properties
of Discrete Signals

Property 1 - Consider x[n]=ejω n and y[n]= ejω n with 0<ω1<π and

1 2

2πk≤ ω2≤ 2π(k+1), where k is any positive integer.

If ω2= ω1+ 2πk, then x[n] = y[n]

Thus, x[n] and y[n] are indistinguishable

What does this mean?

Two periodic discrete exponential sequences are indistinguishable,if

their angular frequencies are 2πk apart from each !!!
other
 1. Check the following signal is periodic or not

So it is rational hence the given signal is periodic.

N= 100 is the fundamental period

 2. Check the following signal is periodic or not

So it is irrational hence the given signal is not periodic.

 3. Check the following signal is periodic or not

and
, =5, So it is a ratio of two integer. hence the given signal is periodic. The fundamental
period is the LCM of 3 and 5 which is N=15

 4. Check the following signal is periodic or not

1 is a dc signal with an arbitrary period

, =3,
= rational number. = rational number
So it is a ratio of two integer. hence the given signal is periodic. The fundamental
period is the LCM of 1, 3 and which is N=10.5

20
 Classification of Signals
 We have already seen some:
ª Continuous vs. discrete
ª Periodic vs. aperiodic
 Here are some others:
ª Symmetric vs. antisymmetric vs.
nonsymmetric
ª Energy vs. power sequences
ªª Absolutely
Bounded vs. summable
unboundedvs.sequences
square summable sequences*
 Symmetry
 A discrete sequence is called
ª Symmetric if, x[n] = x[-n]
ª Conjugate-symmetric if x[n]=x*[-n],
• if x[n] is real, then symmetric and conjugate-symmetric are the same, and the signal is also
referred
to as an even sequence

Even sequence

ª Conjugate-antisymmetric if x[n]=-x*[-n] Symmetric if, x[n] = -x[-n]

• If x[n] is real, the signal is called simply as antisymmetric or odd
sequence

Odd sequence
 Symmetry
 Any real sequence can be expressed as a sum of its even part and its odd part:
x[n] = xev [n] + xod [n]
where

xev [n] = 1 ( x[n] + x[−n]) xod [n] = 1 ( x[n] − x[−n])

2 2

 Any complex sequence can be expressed as a sum of its conjugate-symmetric part

and its conjugate-antisymmetric part:
x[n] = xcs [n] + xca [n]
where

xcs [n] = 1 ( x[n] + x *[−n]) 1 ( x[n]

xca [n] = − x *[−n])
2 2
 

Soln: ,

24
 Energy & Power
In Signals
 It is often useful to define the “size” or “strength” of a signal. That is, we would like to be able to use a
single number that represents the average strength of the signal. How would we do that?
ª A reasonable answer would be to use the area under the curve. The larger the area, the
stronger the signal.

ª But if the signal has negative areas, then the total area is reduced by the negative parts. Yet, a
negative signal is not necessarily a weaker signal. In fact, -110 V will jolt you as much as
+110 V will. So, we need another approach. Calculating the area under the “square of
the
absolute value of the signal” solves this problem |x(t)|2
x(t)

∞ 2

ª This area is defined as the energy of the (continuous time) signal. E= ∫ −∞

x (t ) dt
Energy & Power
in Sequences
 Total energy of a (discrete) sequence x[n] is similarly defined as
 N 

 x[n]   x[n]
2 2
E  lim
N 
n N 

 An infinite length sequence with finite sample values may or may not have finite
energy (see example 2.6, page 54, Mitra)
 A finite length sequence with finite sample values has finite energy
 We define the energy of a sequence x[n] over a finite interval -K<n<K as
K
ε x, K = ∑ x[n]
n=− K
2

 However, if the signal is infinitely long, say, such as the 60Hz mains, the energy
becomes infinite. Hence we define the average power of an aperiodic sequence as
the “energy per unit time” K
1 2
Px = lim ∑ x[n]
K →∞ 2 K +1 n=− K
Energy & Power
in Sequences
K 2
 Then Px = lim 1
∑ x[n]
K →∞ 2 K +1 n=− K Px = lim 1
ε x.K
K →∞ 2 K +1
 The average power of a periodic sequence ~x[n] with a period N is
given by N −1
Px =
1
∑ ~ 2
N
n=0
x[n]
ª The average power of an infinite-length sequence may be finite or infinite
ª A signal with finite energy is called an energy signal. Energy signals has zero
power!
ª A signal with finite (and nonzero) power is called a power signal. A
power
signal, with nonzero power, has infinite energy.
Energy & Power Sequences

Recap:

 A sequence with finite average power is called a power signal.

Unless
the power is zero, a power signal has infinite energy
ªA periodic sequence has a finite average power but infinite
energy
 A sequence with finite energy is called an energy signal. An energy
signal has zero average power.
ªA finite-length sequence has finite energy but zero average power
 

 N 

 x[n]   x[n]
2 2
E  lim
N 
n N 

Power of the signal

=0
K 2
1
Px = lim ∑ x[n]
K →∞ 2 K +1 n=− K

29
Causal and Anti-Causal signals

f (t )  0 t  0
•A signal is causal if,

A signal is Anti-causal if

f (t )  0 t  0

30
Continued……………
•  Bounded Signal

• Absolutely Summable

• Square Summable

• N – periodic extended sequence

31
Length(Support) of a signal:

a) Finite Length
b) Infinite Length
c) Right Sided Sequence – Causal Sequence
d) Left Sided Sequence – anticausal Sequence
e) Two Sided Sequence

32
Size (Norm) of a Signal:
•–  Norm

a) is rms value of x(n)

b) is mean absolute value of x(n)

c) =

33
•  Relative absolute Error,

34