PROGRAMMING IN C

& MATLAB

Strings & Functions

1
What is a String?

String is a set of characters

In ‘C’, there is no built in data type representing
strings
It is represented arrays of characters
Strings are accessed through pointers/array
names

2
String - examples

1. “DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION”

2. “State Board of Technical Education and Training”
3. “Polytechnic”

are all valid strings

3
Strings – storage in arrays
D E P A R T M E N T O F T E C H N I C A L E

D U C A T I O N A N D T R A I N I N G \0

4
Strings – storage in arrays
S T A T E B O A R D O F T E C H N I C A L

E D U C A T I O N A N D T R A I N I N G \0

5
Strings – NULL (0) character

 Sequence of zero or more characters, terminated

by NULL (literally, the integer value 0)
 NULL terminates a string, but is not part of it
 The ASCII value of this is 0

6
6
NULL characters - example

 The end of the string is marked with a

special character, the null character, which
is simply the character with the value 0 (or \
0 ).
 For example:
char name[50] = “DAVE”;

7
String Literals
 Evaluating ″dog″ results in memory allocated for
three characters ′d ′, ′ o ′, ′ g ′, plus terminating NUL

 Note: If m is an array name, subtle difference:

char m[10] = ″dog″;

10 bytes are allocated for this array

This is not a string literal;
It’s an array initializer in disguise!
Equivalent to {′d′,′o′,′g′,
′\0′}

8
8
Strings - Declaration

In ‘C’ string is declared as

char name[24];
char district[30];

9
 Strings – storage in arrays

P O L Y T E C H N I C \0
4002 4009
4004 4007
4000 4005 4010
4001 4006 4011
4003 4008

CONTIGUOUS MEMORY LOCATIONS HOLDING A STRING

10
C Strings (Character Arrays)

 There is a difference between 'A' and "A"

'A' is the character A

"A" is the string A

 Because strings are null terminated, "A" represents two

characters, 'A' and '\0‘
 Similarly, "Hello" contains six characters, 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l',
'o', and '\0'

11
Strings – usage with arrays

For example a string denoting student

name of maximum 20 characters length
must be declared as

char student_name[21];

12
String initialization

A string can be initialized at declaration time as

char
string_name[length]={‘literal1’,’literal2’,’literal3’,
….,’literal(length-1),’\0’};

or
char string_name[length]=“literals of maximum
length (length-1)”

13
Declarations and Initializing strings

 Array of char:
char str[5] = {'l', 'i', 'n', 'u', 'x'};
char str[6] = {'l', 'i', 'n', 'u', 'x', '\0'};
 Declarations

14
String initialization - example

A string denoting name of a student can be

declared and initialized to SRINIVAS as
char
student_name[21]={‘S’,’R’,’I’,’N’,’I’,’V’,’A’,’S’,\0’};

Or
char student_name[21]=“SRINIVAS”;

Note that if a string is enclosed between double

quotes \0 is not necessary to be indicated.
However the compiler stores \0 at the end of the
string.

15
String Handling functions

 C has no actual String type

 Convention is to use null-terminated arrays of
chars
 char str[] = “abc”;
 ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘\0’
 String.h library of functions to manipulate
 strlen(); strcmp(); strcpy(),…

16
String i/o functions

Strings can be handled

using two functions
 scanf()
 printf()
 gets()
 puts()

17
String Handling

scanf() function:
It is used to read a string from keyboard wordwise as
follows
ex:
char name[15];
scanf(“%s” ,name);

18
String Handling

printf() function
A string(word) can be printed using this
function as follows
printf(“%s”,name);

It does not print multi word string

19
String Handling

To handle multi word strings(lines ending

with newline characters) the functions used
are

 gets()
 puts()

20
String Handling functions

gets() :This function introduces NULL

character into the string upon encountering
a newline character

puts():This function outputs a string ending

with a newline character onto the standard
output device

21
String Handling functions

Ex:
char name[15];
gets(name);
puts(name);
These instructions read an entire line of
text from keyboard and print on to the
monitor

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String i/o functions -program

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String i/o functions -program

24
String i/o

Strings can also be read from keyboard or

written out to monitor using the functions
 getchar()
 putchar()

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String I/O functions

getchar()
It appends NULL character upon
encountering a newline character
putchar()
It prints out an entire line of text ending
with a new line character

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String functions

27
C-style strings
 Comparing strings
#include <string.h>
if (s1 = = s2) { /* do s1 and s2 point to the same array?
(typically not what you want) */
}
if (strcmp(s1,s2) = = 0) { /* do s1 and s2 hold the same characters? */
}
 Finding the lengths of a string
int lgt = strlen(s); /* note: goes through the string at run time
looking for the terminating 0 */
 Copying strings
strcpy(s1,s2); /* copy characters from s2 into s1
be sure that s1 can hold that many characters */

28
28
String functions - program

29
String functions - program

30
String functions - program

31
String functions - program

32
String functions - program

33
Function techniques in C

 Every C program contains at least one function that is

main() which is the first function to be executed by the
compiler

 Functions are used for performing repeated tasks

 Functions enable modular programming

34
Function definition

 A self contained sub program that performs a

specific well defined task

35
Function Types

 Library functions or Built-in functions

 User defined functions

36
Library Functions

 Already available in C language

 User need not write programs

 Can be used directly in the program

 Examples:Finding square root, string

functions

37
User defined functions

 Developed by user for performing a specific task

38
Advantages of user defined functions

 Large task can be sub divided into several

smaller tasks

 Smaller functions are easier to understand,

code, debug, and modify

 Coded function can be placed in a library

for further use

39
Advantages of user defined functions
Contd..

 Small functions are self documented and

are highly readable

 Allows for the sharing of functions library

among programs

40
 Features of functions

 Function is defined when it is written

 Function is defined once in a program and

can be used by any other function

 Function receives many values but returns

only one value

41
Syntax of function

return-type function-name(datatype
arg1,datatype arg 2,…datatype arg n)
{
local variable declarations;
statement sequence;
return(expression);
}

42
Syntax of a function
contd….

 Return type specifies the type of value the

function returns

 If no type is specified the function is assumed

to return integer type

43
Syntax of a function
contd….

 Rules applied for naming the variables will be

applied for function names also
 With in parenthesis argument list is specified
with their type
Example:1

int big(int a, int b, int c)

{
------------
}

44
 Syntax of a function
contd….
 Function may be without arguments.
Example:2

int demo()
{
-----------
------------
}

45
 Syntax of a function
contd….
 If function returns nothing or takes no
arguments we use void
Example

void display(void)
{
------------
------------
}

46
 Function Explanation
 Function body consists of local variable
declarations

 Local variables can be accessed by the

function in which it is defined

 Statement sequence contains valid C

statements

47
 Return statement
 Syntax : return(expression); or
return();
 Causes an immediate exit from the function
in which it occurs

 Returns the value to the calling function

 Returns nothing for a void function

48
 Function parameters

 Arguments in the function call are called

Actual parameters

 Arguments appear in the function definition

are called Formal parameters

49
Calling a function

 A function can be called by

- It’s name,

- Followed by list of arguments,

- Separated by commas and enclosed in

parenthesis

50
 Calling a function
Contd..
 There will be one actual parameter for each
formal parameter

 Data type of actual and formal parameters

should be same

 Names of actual and formal parameters can

be same or different

51
 Calling a function
contd..

Examples
main()
{
int a,b,c;
--------
max(a,b,c);/* a,b,c are actual parameters*/
--------
}

52
 Calling a function
contd..
Example:-1
int max(int x, int y, int z) /* x,y,z are formal
parameters*/
{
------
------
}

 The values of actual parameters are copied into

formal parameters.
 a,b,c values are given to x,y,z

53
 Calling a function
contd..

 When the compiler encounters a function call

control is transferred to the calling program

 After the execution of the function program the

control is transferred back to the main program
using the return statement

54
Calling a function
contd..

Example:-2
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int product = mul(10,10);
printf(“The result is:%d”, product);
}
int mul(int i, int j)
{
return(i*j);
}

55
Function prototype
 Tells the compiler the type of data returned by the
function

 The number of arguments the function receives

 Types of arguments

 Order of the arguments

56
Function prototype

Syntax
 Return_ type function_name(dt1,dt2..dtn);

 Return_ type is the type of data returned by the

function

 dt1,dt2..dtn are the types of data fed as arguments

57
 Function prototype
Example:1

#include<stdio.h>
int big(int,int,int);/*function proto type*/
main()
{
int a,b,c;
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
printf(“biggest is:%d”,big(a,b,c));
}

58
Function prototype
Contd..

int big(int x,int y,int z)

{
int max=x;
if(y>max)
max=y;
if(z>max)
max=z;
return(max);
}

59
Local variables

 Variables which are defined within the body of

the function

 Variables local to that function block

60
 Local variables
Example Contd..

var(int i,int j)
{
int a,b;
---------
}

 a, b are called local variables as they are

defined within the body of the function var()

61
 Local variables
Contd..

 Can only be used in the function in

which they are defined

 Same variable names can be used in

different functions as they are local to
that particular function only

62
Global variables

 Variables which are defined outside main()

function
 Global variables are also known as External
variables

63
Global variables
Contd..

 Global variables has the same name and

same data type throughout the program

 It is useful to declare a variable as Global

when it has constant value throughout the
the program

64
 Global variables
Contd..
Example

#include<stdio.h>
int a,b=6;
void fun();
main()
{
a=8;
fun();
}

65
 Global variables
Contd..

void fun()
{
int area;
area = a*b;
printf(“%d”, area);
}

66
 Global variables
Contd..

 ‘a’ and ‘b’ are global variables as they are

defined outside the main function

 ‘area’ is local variable as it is defined within

the function fun()

67
Differences between local and global variables

Local variables Global variables

1) Also known as Known as External

Automatic variables variables

2) Scope is within the Scope is entire

function program

3) Defined within the Defined outside

function main() function

68
 Local variables Global variables
Contd..
4)Same variables can be Variables have constant
used in different values throughout the
programs program

5) Created upon Exists as long as

entry into its the program is
block and destro- executing
yed upon exit

69
 Parameters can be passed to a function in two
ways

 Call by value

 Call by reference

70
 Call by value

 Actual arguments are copied into the

corresponding formal arguments

 Changes done to the formal parameters have

no effect on the actual parameters because
actual parameters and formal parameters
have separate memory locations

71
 Call by value
Write a program to compute the area, circumference of a circle with given radius
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float r,a,c;
void compute(float);
printf(“Enter the radius of the circle”);
compute(r);
}
void compute(float x)
{
float area,circum;
area=3.14*x*x;
circum=2*3.14*x;
printf(“area = %f ; circumference = %f \n”,area,circum);
}

72
 Call by reference

 Instead of values, only address of the actual

parameters is passed to the formal
parameters

 Formal parameters are pointer variables and

they point to the same memory locations of
the corresponding actual parameters

 So any changes done to the formal

parameters effect the actual parameters

73
 Call by reference
Contd..

 We use call by value mechanism if a single

value has to be returned

 When more than one value is desired we use

call by reference mechanism to indirectly
transfer the resulting values back to the
calling function

74
Call By Reference
Write a program to calculate are and circumference of a circle for given
radius
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float r,a,c;
void compute(float,float *,float *);
printf(“Enter the radius of the circle”);
compute(r,&a,&c);
printf(“ \n area = %f circumference= %f \n”,a,c);
}
void compute(float x,float *y,float *z)
{
*y=3.14*x*x;
*z=2*3.14*x;
}

75
Call By Reference

Note that in the above example addresses

of variables a,c are passed to the function
The function modifies the contents of the
addresses a,c
Hence we can print the values of a,c (so
computed in ) in the main program itself

76
Call By Reference

Write a program to find the sum of a given series

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int n,a[10],sum,i;
void sum(int [],int,int *);
printf(“Enter the no.of elements in the list <10”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enter the %d elements”,n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
sum(a,n,&sum);
printf(“\nThe sum of the series is: %d\n”,sum);
}

77
Call By Reference

void sum(int b[],int m ,int *s)

{
int i;
*s=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
*s=*s+a[i];
}

78
Call By Reference

Write a program to that uses a function to sort an array of integers

/* Sorting of array elements */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int I;
static int marks[5]={40,90,73,81,35};
printf(“marks before sorting\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf(“%d”,marks[i]);
printf(“\n\n”);
sort(5,marks);
printf(“marks after sorting”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf(“%4d”,marks[i]);
printf(“\n”);
}

79
Call By Reference

void sort(m,x)
int m,x[];
{
int I,j,t;
for(i=1;i<=m-1;i++)
for(j=1;j<=m-I;j++)
if(x[j-1]>=x[j])
{
t=x[j-1];x[j-1]=t;x[j]=t;
}
}

80
Call By Reference

Output
marks before sorting
40 90 73 81 35

Marks after sorting

35 40 73 81 90

81
Recursion

 A function is recursive if a statement in the

body of the function calls itself

 It is the process of defining something in

terms of itself

82
Advantage of recursion

Recursive function is

 Clear

 Short

 Contains simple programs

83
 Advantage of recursion
Contd..
 Commonly used example of a recursive
procedure is finding the factorial of a number

 Factorial of number N is defined as

N! = N*(N-1)*(N-2)*……..1

84
 Advantage of recursion
Contd..

 Recursive definition should have a stopping

condition i.e., 0! =1

 Complete definition of factorial function is

N! = N*(N-1)! with 0! = 1

85
Program for factorial of a number
#include<stdio.h>
int fact(int);
main()
{
int n;
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“factorial of number %d is %d\n”,n,fact(n));
}

86
 Program for factorial of a number
int fact (int x) contd,..

{
int f =1;
if(x==1)
return(1);
else if(x>0)
f=x*fact(x-1);
return(f);
}

87
Program to find sum of digits of a number

#include<stdio.h>
int sumdigit(int);
main()
{
int n;
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“sum of digits is %d:”,sumdigit(n));
}

88
Program to find sum of digits of a number
Contd..
int sumdigit(int x)
{
int sum =0;
if(x==0)
return(sum);
else
sum=(x%10 + sumdigit(x/10));
return(sum);
}

89