Online Lecture No.1 Class:9 (A, B&C) Subject:Biology Topic:-Plant Cell

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ONLINE LECTURE NO.

1
CLASS:9 (A,B&C)
th

SUBJECT:BIOLOGY
TOPIC:-PLANT CELL
INTRODUCTION:-
The cell is the basic unit of life in all
organisms. Like humans and animals,
plants are also composed of several cells.
The plant cell is surrounded by a cell wall
which is involved in providing shape to the
plant cell.  Apart from the cell wall, there are
other organelles that are associated with
different cellular activities.
Plant Cell Definition
“Plant cells are eukaryotic cells with a true
nucleus along with specialized structures called
organelles that carry out certain specific
functions.”
What is a Plant Cell?
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that vary in
several fundamental factors from other
eukaryotic organisms. Both plant and animal
cells contain nucleus along with similar
organelles. One of the distinctive aspects of a
plant cell is the presence of a cell wall outside
the cell membrane.
Plant Cell Diagram
The plant cell is rectangular and comparatively
larger than the animal cell. Even though plant
and animal cells are eukaryotic and share a
few cell organelles, plant cells are quite
distinct when compared to animal cell as they
perform different functions. Some of these
differences can be clearly understood when
the cells are examined under an electron
microscope.
Plant Cell Structure
Just like different organs within the body, plant cell structure
includes various components known as cell organelles that perform
different functions to sustain itself.  These organelles include:

Cell Wall
It is a rigid layer which is composed of cellulose, glycoproteins,
lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose. It is located outside the cell
membrane. It comprises proteins, polysaccharides, and cellulose.
The primary function of the cell wall is to protect and provide
structural support to the cell. The plant cell wall is also involved in
protecting the cell against mechanical stress and to provide form
and structure to the cell. It also filters the molecules passing in and
out of the cell.
The formation of the cell wall is guided by microtubules. It consists
of three layers, namely, primary, secondary and the middle lamella.
The primary cell wall is formed by cellulose laid down by enzymes.
Cell membrane
It is the semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell
wall. It is composed of a thin layer of protein and fat.
The cell membrane plays an important role in regulating the entry
and exit of specific substances within the cell.
For instance, cell membrane keeps toxins from entering inside,
while nutrients and essential minerals are transported across.

Nucleus
The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure that is present only
in eukaryotic cells. The vital function of a nucleus is to store
DNA or hereditary information required for cell division,
metabolism, and growth.
Nucleolus: It manufactures cell’s protein-producing structures
and ribosomes.
Nucleopore: Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes called
nucleopore that allows proteins and nucleic acids to pass
through.
Plastids
They are membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA. They
are necessary to store starch, to carry out the process of
photosynthesis. It is also used in the synthesis of many molecules
which form the building blocks of the cell. Some of the vital types of 
plastids and their functions are stated below:
Leucoplasts
They are found in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants. They are used
for the storage of protein, lipid, and starch.
Chloroplasts
It is an elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. The
chloroplast is shaped like a disc and the stroma is the fluid within the
chloroplast that comprises a circular DNA. Each chloroplast contains
a green colored pigment called chlorophyll required for the process
of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun
and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
Central Vacuole
It occupies around 30% of the cell’s volume in a mature plant cell.
Tonoplast is a membrane that surrounds central vacuole. The vital
function of central vacuole apart from storage is to sustain turgid
pressure against the cell wall. The central vacuole consists of cell
sap. It is a mixture of salts, enzymes, and other substances.

Golgi Apparatus
They are found in all eukaryotic cells which are involved in
distributing synthesized macromolecules to various parts of the
cell.

Ribosomes
They are the smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise
RNA and protein. They are the sites for protein synthesis, hence,
also referred to as the protein factories of the cell.
Mitochondria
They are the double-membraned organelles found
in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They
provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and
sugar molecules, hence they are also referred to as
the “Powerhouse of the cell.”

Lysosome
Lysosomes are called as suicidal bags as they hold
digestive enzymes in an enclosed membrane. They
perform the function of cellular waste disposal by
digesting worn-out organelles, food particles and
foreign bodies in the cell..

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