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Lecture 4 Aggregates Cont

This lecture discusses aggregates and their properties. It explains the concepts of bulking of sand, water-cement ratio, and the stress-strain curve for mild steel. Bulking of sand refers to an increase in the volume of sand when it contains a certain amount of moisture. Water-cement ratio affects the strength of concrete, with lower ratios producing stronger concrete. The stress-strain curve for mild steel is linear at first, reaching a proportionality limit, elastic limit, and yield points, before ultimate failure. The lecture also provides the characteristic strengths of mild steel and different grades of TOR steel.

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Adharsh Selvaraj
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40 views21 pages

Lecture 4 Aggregates Cont

This lecture discusses aggregates and their properties. It explains the concepts of bulking of sand, water-cement ratio, and the stress-strain curve for mild steel. Bulking of sand refers to an increase in the volume of sand when it contains a certain amount of moisture. Water-cement ratio affects the strength of concrete, with lower ratios producing stronger concrete. The stress-strain curve for mild steel is linear at first, reaching a proportionality limit, elastic limit, and yield points, before ultimate failure. The lecture also provides the characteristic strengths of mild steel and different grades of TOR steel.

Uploaded by

Adharsh Selvaraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture –IV

Aggregates
STRUCTURE
III
CONTENT
 Bulking of sand

 Water-Cement ratio

 Stress-Strain curve for mild steel bar

 Characteristic strength of Mild steel and TOR steel

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


INTENT
This lecture will help in understanding water-
cement ratio and its importance, the concept of
bulking of sand and stress-strain curve for mild
steel and TOR steel.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


RECAP
 Aggregates are defined as granular materials which give mass
to the concrete.
 All aggregates have some percentage of minute pores through
which water can penetrate.
 A low specific gravity may indicate high porosity and
therefore poor durability and low strength.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


RESISTANCE TO CRUSHING
 Crushing strength is the resistance of an aggregate to
compressive forces.

 In order to know the behavior of aggregate when subjected


to wear, the crushing value is important.

 The aggregate crushing value shall not exceed 45% by


weight for aggregate used for concrete other than wearing
surfaces and 30% by weight for concrete for wearing
surfaces such as runways, roads and pavements.
ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT
RESISTANCE TO IMPACT
 The impact value is the resistance
of an aggregate to sudden
compressive forces.

 It is desirable that the aggregate


should be able to resist impact well.

 This quality is ascertained by


finding the impact value of the
aggregate.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
 Resistance to abrasion is the
resistance of aggregate to wear.

 It is desirable that the


aggregate should be able to
resist abrasion well.

 This quality is ascertained by


finding the abrasion value of
the aggregate.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


What do you understand by-

 Resistance to crushing

 Resistance to impact

 Resistance to abrasion

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
AGGREGATES - BULKING OF
The volume of a given weight of fine aggregates is minimum
AGGREGATE(SAND)
when it is absolutely dry or wet. At intermediate stages of

moisture, the fine aggregates increase in volume, because the

surface moisture holds the particles of fine aggregate apart

which results in:

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


1. Marked decrease in weight of aggregate in a given

volume.

2. Increase in percentage of voids-

This phenomenon is known as Bulking of fine

aggregate(sand) and upto a free moisture content of about 4%

for coarse and 7% for fine aggregate, the more the free

moisture, more is the bulking.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


 Moist sand occupies larger volume if loosely filled in,
than dry sand.

 Due to moisture, thin-film of water forms around sand grain which


results in increase of volume and it is called “Bulking of sand”.

The bulking of sand largely depends upon

  Grain size – Small the grain size, larger will be bulking effect and
vice versa.

 Moisture content – 5 to 8 % moisture can result in 20-35 % increase


in volume

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


WATER CEMENT RATIO
 It has been established that the
strength of concrete decreases on
the addition of more water while
less water results in Incomplete
hydration of cement and low
workability of concrete mixes
further affecting the strength of
concrete.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


 The quantity of water in concrete is generally specified as a ratio

to cement and is known as Water Cement Ratio.

 It may be defined as a ratio of the weight of water in a concrete

mix, exclusive of the amount of water absorbed by the

aggregates to the weight of cement.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


 Abram's water cement ratio law- “For plastic mixture, using

sound and clean aggregate, the strength and other desirable

properties of concrete under given job conditions are governed

by the net quantity of mixing water used per bag of cement”.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD
STEEL BAR

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


SALIENT POINTS OF GRAPH
 So it is evident form the graph that the stress is proportional to strain

or elongation is proportional to the load giving a straight line

relationship. This law of proportionality is valid up to a point A. This

point is known as the limit of proportionality or the proportionality

limit.

 For a short period beyond the point A, the material may still be elastic

in the sense that the deformations are completely recovered when the

load is removed. The limiting point B is termed as Elastic Limit.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


 Beyond the elastic limit plastic deformation occurs and strains

are not totally recoverable.

 There will be thus permanent deformation or permanent set

when load is removed. These two points C and D are termed as

upper and lower yield points respectively. The stress at the

yield point is called the yield strength.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


 A further increase in the load will cause marked deformation

in the whole volume of the metal. The maximum load which

the specimen can with stand without failure is called the load

at the ultimate strength. The highest point ‘E' of the diagram

corresponds to the ultimate strength of a material.

 Beyond point E, the bar begins to forms neck. The load

falling from the maximum until fracture occurs at F.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHS OF
MILD STEEL AND TOR STEEL
Type of Steel Yield strength
Mild steel bars 250MPa
HYSD bars (TOR) 415 MPa
HYSD bars (TMT) 500 MPa
HYSD bars (TMT) 550 MPa

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


CONCLUSION
Crushing strength is the resistance of an aggregate to compressive
forces.
 The impact value is the resistance of an aggregate to sudden
compressive forces.
Resistance to abrasion is the resistance of aggregate to wear.
Water cement ratio plays an important role in strength of concrete.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT


ASSIGNMENT

 Explain bulking of sand.

 What is water cement ratio ?

 Explain salient features of stress-strain curve for mild

steel.

ER. AMANPREET SINGH SIDHU/ GCAD, SONIPAT

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