TYRE MANAGEMENT

Contents
• Construction
• Indentification
• Aspect Ratio
• Classification
• Load Index and Speed Symbol
• Load/Pressure
• Nitrogen
• Liquifill
• Fleet inspection
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Tyre Construction
 Bias Ply Construction
The casing is The crown is Bias Ply Disadvantages:
made up several not stabilized.
criss-crossed
• Fast Wear
fabric plies. • Minimal Puncture Protection
• Increased Fuel Consumption
• Less Traction

The crown and

sidewalls are formed
by the same rigid
fabric ply construction.
- The tread flexes
and squirms as the
tire flexes.
- The casing plies rub
against each other
causing accelerated
wear and heat.
 Radial Construction
The crown is The casing has Magna Radial Advantages:
stabilized by one steel • Long Tread Life
several steel radial casing • Reduced Punctures & Cuts
belts. ply.
• Excellent Traction
• Increased Fuel Efficiency

The tread is stabilized

and unaffected by
sidewall flexing.
There is no rubbing of
carcass plies allowing
the tire to run cool.
The steel construction
protects the carcass
far better than fabric.
 MAGNA Radial Tires
Benefits Over Bias Ply Tires

 Increased Productivity
 Increased Tread Life
 Steel Belts to Protect from Punctures
 Greater Traction
 Improved Safety and Comfort
 Retreadability
 Repairability
 Increased “Up Time”
 Lower Cost/Hour to Operate
 Better Fuel Economy
Tire Cutaway depicting the various layers
of an Earthmover Tire

Radial or
Carcass Ply
First Working
Ply

Second
Working Ply

First
Protector Ply

Second
Protector Ply
 Radial Tyre - Cross Section
Crown Area Negative Tread
Positive Tread

Protector plies
Shoulder Area

Working plies

Sidewall Area

Sidewall Area
Casing plies

Inner Liner
Sidewall Reinforce

Turn up ply

Bead Protector

Bead Area FE Zone

Bead Wire

Bead Heel
Bead Sole Bead Toe
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Tyre Identification
 Radial Contruction
Example of Michelin marking: 35/65 R 33 XLD D2 A TL * L5T

35: Nominal section width in inches (S=35)

(in some case, it can be a metric marking).
65 : Aspect ratio H/S.
R : Radial construction.
33 : Nominal bead seat diameter in inches.
X : Michelin Radial.
LD : Tread pattern.
D2 : Tread depth.
A : Type of tire.
TL : Tubeless.
* : Strength index
(it is an indication of strength).
L5: Standardized identification code
T: Michelin complementary
Databook Dimensions

e = maximum overall section width

D = external tire diameter (2R)
Ø = nominal bead seat diameter
S = section width on measuring rim
(this rim is indicate in bold
faced type)
E = minimum dual spacing
(on measuring rim)
H = section height
R = free radius
R' = static loaded radius
 The Measurement of Tire
Characteristics
Overall
Diameter

R Free Radius
_______________

R’ Static Loaded Radius

Overall Diameter = 2 x Free Radius

OD = 2 x R
Vertical Deflection = Free Radius less Static Loaded Radius
VD = R - R’
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Tyre Families
by Aspect Ratio
Earthmover Aspect Ratios
The 100 series or standard tire (narrow base)
The H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 1.00.
The section width, given in inches, is a whole number.
e.g.: 18.00 R 33

The 80 series or wide base

The H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 0.80.
The section width, given in inches, is a whole number
followed by a fraction.
e.g.: 20.5 R 25

Extra-wide base
70 series
The H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 0.70
The section width is given in millimeters (625) followed
by the number 70.
e.g.: 625/70 R 25

65 series
The H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 0.65.
The section width is given in inches (35) or in
millimeters (750) followed by the number
65.
e.g.: 35/65 R 33 750/65 R 25
 Ply Ratings
Sizes and Work Transport Sizes and Work Transport Sizes and Work Transport
Marking machines machines Marking machines machines Marking machines machines

7.50 R 15 12 17.5 R 25 * 16 33.25 R 29 ** 44

8.25 R 15 12 17.5 R 25 ** 20 24 18.00 R 33 ** 40
18 R 19.5 * 16 18.00 R 25 * 24 33.5 R 33 ** 44
10.00 R 20 16 18.00 R 25 ** 36 35/65 R 33 * 36
C20 Pil (11/80 R 20) 16 20.5 R 25 * 24 37.5 R 33 ** 48
E20 (13./80 R 20) 20.5 R 25 ** 28 21.00 R 35 ** 44
15 R 22.5 * 16 21.00 R 25 ** 40 24.00 R 35 ** 48
18 R 22.5 * 16 23.5 R 25 * 28 29.5 R 35 ** 40
12.00 R 24 *** 24 24 23.5 R 25 ** 32 33.25 R 35 ** 44
13.00 R 24 TG * 14 25/65 R 25 ** 32 37.25 R 35 ** 48
14.00 R 24 TG * 16 26.5 R 25 * 32 37.5 R 39 ** 52
14.00 R 24 24 26.5 R 25 ** 32 40/65 R 39 * 42
14.00 R 24 *** 28 32 29.5 R 25 * 34 40.5/75 R 39 ** 54
15.00 R 24 (17/80 R 24) 28 29.5 R 25 ** 34 45/65 R 39 * (1)
16.00 R 24 TG * 16 16 555/70 R 25 * L2F 16 45/65 R 45 * 50
16.00 R 24 ** 36 555/70 R 25 * L3T or L4T 24 24.00 R 49 ** 48
555/70 R 24 TG * 16 625/70 R 25 * 28 27.00 R 49 ** 54
20 R 24 TG * 16 705/70 R 25 * 32 30.00 R 51 ** 64
13.00 R 25 *** 28 750/65 R 25 * 34 33.00 R 51 ** 68
14.00 R 25 *** 32 26.5 R 29 ** 34 36.00 R 51 ** 74
15.5 R 25 * 16 29.5 R 29 * 34 37.00 R 57 ** (1)
15.5 R 25 ** 20 29.5 R 29 ** 40 40.00 R 57 ** 78
16.00 R 25 ** 36 30/65 R 29 * 28 55/80 R 57 * (1) 80

This is a measurement of the strength of the Radial Casing Ply vs. Bias Ply Tires
 Tread Depth Types & Compounds
1 - DIFFERENT TREAD DEPTH

N = Normal D1 = N x 1.5 D2 = N x 2.5

(Traction, rock) (rock, deep tread) (rock, extra deep tread)
(E2 / 3 - L2 / 3 - G2 / 3) (E4 - L4 - G4) (L5)

2 - SEVERAL TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Type A4 highly resistant to cutting, hacking and abrasion.
Type A highly resistant to cutting, hacking and abrasion for use at average speeds higher than type A4.
Type B4 a compromise between resistance to abrasion and heat generation for less aggressive
surfaces (from 49 inches).
Type B specially designed for low heat generation on long runs and in intensive conditions.
Type C engineered to cope with high-speed travel on long hauls.
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Classification
 Strength Index

• Load capacity markings of Radial Tyre are in three groups. PR (Ply Rating),
used mainly on cross ply tyres eg PR32

– “Star Markings” * , ** or ***

– Load indices and Speed Symbols, eg 177E
– Load Range, eg LRH
 Star Markings and Load
Indices/Speed Symbols

• Radial tyres are marked with either :

– star symbols *, ** or ***

* tyres are used on working machines

(loaders and graders)

** tyres are used on transport machines

(dumptrucks, scrapers)

*** tyres are used on transport machines

(dumptrucks) Limited number of sizes have ***
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Load Index and Speed Symbol

 Load and Speed Indices
177E

Load capacity index Speed Index

• Load capacity is given by a figure

– for EM lowest is 133, highest 254
(133=2060kg/tyre, 254= 69000kg/tyre)
• Speed symbols letter or letter/figure used on EM are :
– A2, working speed 10 km/h (working machines, loaders)
– A8, working speed 40 km/h (working machines,
graders)
– B, working speed 50 km/h (transport machines, dump
trucks)
– E, average speed 70 km/h (mobile cranes)
Load index – speed symbol

Some tyres bear a load index and a speed symbol.

The LOAD INDEX is a numerical code associated with the

maximum load atyre can carry at the speed
corresponding to its speed symbol, under specified
conditions.
The SPEED SYMBOL indicates the speed at which the
tyre can carry a load corresponding to its load index,
under specified conditions.
 Load index ( LI ) and maximum load ( kg )

LI maximum load LI maximum load LI maximum load LI maximum load LI maximum load
kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb
120 1,400 3,090 150 3,350 7,390 180 8,000 17,640 210 19,000 41,890 240 45,000 99,210
121 1,450 3,200 151 3,450 7,610 181 8,250 18,190 211 19,500 43,000 241 46,250 101,960
122 1,500 3,310 152 3,550 7,830 182 8,500 18,740 212 20,000 44,100 242 47,500 104,720
123 1,550 3,420 153 3,650 8,050 183 8,750 19,290 213 20,600 45,420 243 48,750 107,470
124 1,600 3,530 154 3,750 8,270 184 9,000 19,840 214 21,200 46,750 244 50,000 110,250
125 1,650 3,640 155 3,875 8,540 185 9,250 20,390 215 21,800 48,070 245 51,500 113,540
126 1,700 3,750 156 4,000 8,820 186 9,500 20,940 216 22,400 49,390 246 53,000 117,950
127 1,750 3,860 157 4,125 9,090 187 9,750 21,500 217 23,000 50,700 247 54,500 120,150
128 1,800 3,970 158 4,250 9,370 188 10,000 22,050 218 23,600 52,040 248 56,000 123,480
129 1,850 4,080 159 4,375 9,650 189 10,300 22,710 219 24,300 53,580 249 58,000 127,890

130 1,900 4,190 160 4,500 9,920 190 10,600 23,370 220 25,000 55120 250 60,000 132,300
131 1,950 4,300 161 4,625 10,200 191 10,900 24,030 221 25750 56,780 251 61,500 135580
132 2,000 4,410 162 4,750 10,470 192 11,200 24,690 222 26,500 58430 252 63,000 138,890
133 2,060 4,540 163 4,875 10,750 193 11,500 25,360 223 27,250 60,070 253 65,000 143,300
134 2,120 4,670 164 5,000 11,020 194 11,800 26,020 224 28,000 61,740 254 67,000 147,710
135 2,180 4,810 165 5,150 11,350 195 12,150 26,790 225 29,000 63,940 255 69,000 152,120
136 2,240 4,940 166 5,300 11,690 196 12,500 27,560 226 30,000 66,150 256 71,000 156,530
137 2,300 5,070 167 5,450 12,020 197 12,850 28,330 227 30,750 67,790 257 73,000 160,930
138 2,360 5,200 168 5,600 12,350 198 13,200 29,100 228 31,500 69,460 258 75,000 165,340
139 2,430 5,360 169 5,800 12,790 199 13,600 29,990 229 32,500 71,660 259 77,500 170,660

140 2,500 5,510 170 6,000 13230 200 14,000 30870 230 33,500 73,870 260 80,000 176400
141 2,575 5,680 171 6,150 13,560 201 14,500 31,970 231 34,500 76070 261 82,500 181,880
142 2,650 5,840 172 6,300 13,890 202 15,000 33,070 232 35,500 78,280 262 85,000 187,390
143 2,725 6,010 173 6,500 14,330 203 15,500 34,180 233 36,500 80,480 263 87,500 192,900
144 2,800 6,170 174 6,700 14,770 204 16,000 35,280 234 37,500 82,690 264 90,000 198,450
145 2,900 6,390 175 6,900 15,210 205 16,500 36,380 235 38,750 85,430 265 92,500 203,920
146 3,000 6,610 176 7,100 15,650 206 17,000 37,480 236 40,000 88,200 266 95,000 209,440
147 3,075 6,780 177 7,300 16,090 207 17,500 38,590 237 41,250 90,940 267 97,500 214,950
148 3,150 6,950 178 7,500 16,530 208 18,000 39,690 238 42,500 93,710 268 100,000 220,500
149 3,250 7,170 179 7,750 17,090 209 18,500 40,790 239 43,750 96,470 269 103,000 227,370
 Speed Symbol

Symbol A2 A6 A8 B C D E F G
Speed 10 30 40 50 60 65 70 80 90
(km/h)
Speed 6 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
(mph)

Examples of tyre marking

23.5 R 25 MA02 TL 185 B: this tyre is able to carry 9.250 kg at a maximum speed of 50 km/h (20.390 lb at 30 mph)
Types of Tread compounds
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Load/Pressure
 Optimal Load & Air Pressures

ADVANTAGES:

• Longer Tire Life

• Fewer Cuts & Punctures
• Increased Traction & Productivity
• Increased Flotation

AIR PRESSURE CHECK MUST BE DONE

WITH THE DAILY INSPECTION
 Pressure maintenance

Potential of tyre loss due to incorrect running pressure

x % of under / over inflation = y % tyre life loss

100
90
% Performance

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 UNDER INFLATION OVER INFLATION
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

% Inflation Pressure
 Influence of Inflation Pressure
on Average Tread Life
(Constant Load & P = Inflation Pressure)

A
v 100 100
e
r 90
85
a 80
g 70 70
e
60
T 50 50
r
40
e
a 30
d 20
10
L
i 0
f P nom P nom P nom P nom
e
+10% +20% +30%
 Influence of Load on
Average Tire Life
(Constant Inflation Pressure & Z = Load Carried)

100 100
T 90
85
r 80
e 70 70
a 60
d
50 50
L 40
i 30
f 20
e 10
0
Z nom Z nom Z nom Z nom
+10% +20% +30%
 Influence of Inflation
Presssure on Tread Cuts
(Constant Load & RPN = Recommended Pressure)

200 200
V 180
u
T l 160
r n 140
e e
a r 120
d a 100 100
b
C i
80
u l 60
t i 50
40
t
y 20
0
RPN -20% RPN RPN +20%
 Influence of Load on
Tread Cut Vulnerability
(Constant Inflation Pressure & Z = Load Carried)

120 120
V
U
115
T L
R N
E E 110 110
A R
D A 105
B
C I
100 100
U L
T I
T 95
Y
90
Z nom Z nom +10% Z nom +
20%
 Influence of Inflation
Pressure on Chunking
(Constant Load & RPN = Recommended Pressure)

160
V 150
u 140
l
C
n
120 120
h
e 100 100
u
r
n
k
a 80 75
b
i 60
i
n
l
g
i 40
t
20
y
0
RPN -20% RPN RPN +20% RPN +30%
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Nitrogen
 NITROGEN

• Nitrogen is used in tyres to avoid air leaking through

the tyre wall, which results in under-inflation. The
reason why nitrogen is used is because it is easy to
produce, does not support combustion, has no smell
and is also a component of atmospheric air.

• Correct inflation is highly significant when considering

tyre life and performance. It is not always possible to
look at a tyre and detect under-inflation. However,
under-inflation can cause many tyre-related problems.
As inflation pressure largely determines a tyre’s load
capacity, under-inflation results in an overloaded tyre.
 BENEFITS NITROGEN

• More stable tyre pressures

The tyre pressure is maintained due to the molecules of nitrogen
being 4 x times larger than that of oxygen therefore leaking through
the tyre casing at a rate three times less than normal compressed air.

• Increased levels of grip and handling

As the tyre pressure is maintained, the tyre maintains the correct
contact with the road, ensuring the grip characteristics of the tyre are
fully utilized.

• Improved fuel economy

As air is lost through the tyre, the contact point with the road
increases, therefore increasing engine load and fuel usage. With
nitrogen filled tyres, the correct tyre pressure is maintained ensuring
the tyre’s contact point with the road remains constant.
 BENEFITS NITROGEN

• Extended tyre life

As correct pressure is maintained in the nitrogen filled tyres, the tyres
do not experience excessive wear due to deformation, under or over
inflation, increasing the life of the tyres. For commercial operators, as
there is no oxidation in the rim and case bands, there is much less
chance of blowouts, and extended case life for retreadability.

• Enhanced safety
With the tyre maintaining the correct pressure and contact with the
road, handling and safety for the driver are greatly improved.

• No oxidation in rim and tyre

As nitrogen does not contain water vapour there is no oxidation with
the rim, which can cause leakage through the valve core and an
uneven surface for the bead to seat, and seal. Nitrogen does not bleed
through the case wall of the tyre, and due to the absence of water
vapour, does not corrode the steel strands in the tyre.
EFFECTS NITROGEN
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Liquifill
 Liquifill Tyre Sealant

Seals punctures up to 0,5 cm

No loss of air
 OBJECTIVES

The fleet inspection will tell you :

• the condition of the tires in service,

• which tires are due for front rotation,
• If there are any front end problems on the haul trucks,
• estimate of how many spares will be needed for the
next month.

The fleet survey should be performed on a weekly or

monthly basis.
 TYRE
MANAGEMENT

Fleet inspection
 Inspect tyres on machine

REASONS :
• Assess the wear, pressures and tyre condition

• Detect the beginnings of tyre damage so the tyre can be

removed for repaired or recapped before to severe.

• Diagnose mechanical damage will affect the tyre life.

Examples : bend rock ejector, broken valve extention, leak.
 INSPECTING THE TYRES
For a thorough and efficient
inspection,
1
1. the tread band , which will give you
the initial indications concerning the 2
5
conditions in whichthe tire has been
used.
2. the exterior of the first sidewall
3. the interior of the opposite sidewall
4. the bead heel of the first sidewall 3 6
5. the exterior of the opposite sidewall
6. the interior of the opposite sidewall
7. bead heel of the opposite sidewall
7
4
A visual and tactile examination is
used to search for possible
distortions, tears and rough edges.
 Vehicle Inspection
Install SPILLAGE
DEFLECTOR
Check for LEAKAGE (fuel, oil, grease…)

Check the AXLES Check the ROCK EJECTORS

Check the BRAKES

Check the SUSPENSION

Check the WHEEL ALIGNMENT

 Tyre Inpection Chart
Client: Fictious Mine
Address: Somewhere

MAGNA TYRES BRAZIL BV

EARTHMOVER TIRE DIVISION

Tire Inspection Report

Date: 8 January 2009

Tire: MAGNA TYRES 27.00 R 49 MA04 ** TL Machine: CAT 777D

OTD: 150 mm hard rock operations

Unit ID Wheel Serial No. Tire Hours RTD Tread Wear Tire Pressure Remarks
Pos. Manufacturer Type Running mm mm % % recomm. found

F.L. FVA 0940 V2A MA04 3.264 25 25 83% 83% 100 C 110 H
451 F.R. CVA 0563 V9A MA04 3.264 22 26 85% 83% 100 C 106 H
R.R.O. BVA 0408 V4A MA04 2.561 23 21 85% 86% 100 C 90 H
R.R.I. BVA 0456 V6A MA04 2.641 22 24 85% 84% 100 C 108 H
Hour Meter R.L.I. BVA 0400 V2A MA04 2.641 24 25 84% 83% 100 C 108 H
27.622 R.L.O. BVA 0407 V5A MA04 2.641 23 24 85% 84% 100 C 110 H
F.L. XVA 0696 V6A MA04 3.131 18 20 88% 87% 100 C 98 C
452 F.R. ZVA 0304 V8A MA04 2.497 24 26 84% 83% 100 C 95 C
truck not R.R.O. CVA 0566 V6A MA04 489 57 55 62% 63% 100 C 95 C
operational R.R.I. FVA 0955 V7A MA04 3.329 15 16 90% 89% 100 C 80 C
Hour Meter R.L.I. BVA 0400 V2A MA04 3.329 14 11 91% 93% 100 C 93 C
3.722 R.L.O. BVA 0407 V5A MA04 2.965 18 19 88% 87% 100 C 100 C
F.L. ZVA 0297 V5A MA04 4.159 13 22 91% 85% 100 C 98 H
453 F.R. ZVA 0321 V1A MA04 4.036 15 26 90% 83% 100 C 100 H
R.R.O. BVA 0408 V4A MA04 85 63 63 58% 58% 100 C 112 H
R.R.I. BVA 0456 V6A MA04 85 63 63 58% 58% 100 C 112 H
Hour Meter R.L.I. BVA 0400 V2A MA04 85 63 63 58% 58% 100 C 110 H
29.131 R.L.O. BVA 0407 V5A MA04 85 62 62 59% 59% 100 C 98 H
 Tyre Examination
Brand : _______________________ Date : __________________

Size / type : _______________________ Customer : __________________

Serial # : _______________________ Adress : __________________

RTD : ______mm wear : ______ % __________________

Inner Liner
RTD

Examination
Reason For Removal : _____________________________________________

Reason For Scrapping : _____________________________________________

Additional Damages : _____________________________________________

Remarks : _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Performance
# Vehicle Pos. Date fitted Date removed Performance

_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs

_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs

_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs

_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs

Total _________ hrs

 CONTACT
• For more information:
Berto Beulenkamp
Tel: +31 636 425 294
[email protected]

Elbert van den Brink

Tel: +31 613 499 918
[email protected]

MAGNA TYRES Brazil BV

Meikers 52
6846 HR ARNHEM
The Netherlands