SWITCH YARD

&
PROTECTIONS SYTEM

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 DEFINATION
• A switchyard is a part of an electrical Generation, Transmission,
and Distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to
low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions.
• Switchyards generally have Breakers, Isolators , CTs ,PTs , Bus bars,
protection and control equipments, transformers ,grounding wires
and switches, disconnects and metering devices, etc.

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 132 KV
Switchyard
• Constructional Overview
• Testing
• Operation & Maintenance
• Protection
• Conclusion

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 Constructional Overview
• Two main Bus-1& 2 bars – ACSR TWIN MOOSE Conductor.
Both are used to energize any abnormality with Bus-coupler for un
interruption Operation.
• Current rating 2000A,Fault Level 40KA for 3 Sec.
• Bay Equipment to Equipment Connection-ACSR
Moose Conductor.
• CTs are connected in Series , PTs are connected across
supply. -01 No.
• STG Generator Transformer Bay
-01 No.
• Start-up S.A.T. Bay
-02 No.s
• 132 KV overhead line circuit Bay
- 01 No.s
• 132 KV Transfer Bus coupler Bay
• Fully Equipped Bus PT Bay -02 No.s
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 TRNSFER BUS
COUPLER BAY

BUS PT GEN. TRFO. BAY

O/G OHL #1 BAY

STN. TRFO. BAY

O/G OHL # 2 BAY

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 Constructional Overview
• Total no. of Towers- 28 (A/B/C/D/E)
• Total no. of SF6 CB- 5
• Total no. of PT-12
• Total no. of CT-12
• Total no. of LA-12
• Total no. of Wave Trap -2
• Total no. of Isolators- 22
• Total no. of CVT- 6
• Total no. of BPI- 18
• Total no. of EMPT -6 7
GEN BAY SAT BAY

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Line# 1 & 2
BAY

B/C BAY
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 Bus Bar
Protection Scheme

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• Rated Voltage 145 KV
• Rated Current 1250 A Frequency 50 Hz
• Breaking Capacity 40 KA
• Making Capacity 100 KVP
• Short Time Rating 40 KA for 3 sec
• Operating sequence
O-0.3 sec - CO- 3 MIN- CO
• Trip and Closing Coil Voltage 110V DC
• Motor Supply 240 V
Testing for SF6:-
Applied Volt 5KV DC
•IR Value
>20 GΩ CB ON
[R(Y+B+E),Y(R+B+E),B(R+Y+E)]
> 50 GΩ CB OFF
[R-R’,Y-Y’,B-B’]
•Applied current 100 A DC
Contact Resistance test: R-ø ,Y-ø B-ø < 34
μΩ
•SF6 Gas pressure setting 5.4 bar.
•Breaker , Closing Time 72 ms
Opening Time -29 ms

Each Phase

These are used to operate on the fault on line or X-mer depending upon where11it is
 Make CGL
No of Core 2
Ratio
132KV/√3/110V/√3/110V/√3
Class 0.2/3P
Burden 100 VA/100 VA
a) Measurement of voltage
b) Provide voltage
secondary for
protection.

Make CGL
Type Outdoor
No of Core 2 Core
Ratio 400-800/1-1A
Class 0.25/0.25
Burden 30 VA
ISF <= 5
a) Measurement of current
b) Protection current circuits when
passed through protective relays
currents
like Distance protection, Backup protection. 12
Common Testing's Required for CT & PT:-
•IR Test :
Applied Volt 5KV DC
>10 GΩ [Prim – Earth, Prim – Core]
Applied Volt 1KV DC
> 500 MΩ [Core-Earth]
•Winding Resistance Test:
< 5-6 Ω [Ex: R-ø ,1s1-1s2,1s1-1s3]

•Ratio Test :
[Prim current 400-800]/ [Sec. current 1-1A]
[Ex: R-ø ,1s1-1s2,2s1-2s2]
•Polarity Test :
[Ex: R-ø ,1s1-1s2,2s1-2s2] Press

•Knee voltage Test:

[Only For Protection Class CT ]
is significance of saturation level of a current
transformer core mainly used for protection
purposes. The sinusoidal voltage of rated
frequency is applied to the secondary
terminals of CT, with other winding being
open circuited which increased by10%, cause
the exiting current to increase by 50%. NEXT
•Polarity Test :
Battery 9V

P1 P2
S1 S2

Press Back
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 Make
OBLUM ELECTRICAL
Type METAL OXIDE
LD DISCHARGE CLASS Class-3
Rated Voltage 60 KV
Rated Frequency 48-62 HZ
Maximum continuous Operating
102 KV
Voltage
Nominal Discharge Current 10 KA
MFD 2010
To discharge the switching & lighting
voltage surges to earth to protect instrument
in the station. These are high pass filters (50
KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass carrier.

Make
OBLUM ELECTRICAL

Wave trap is an instrument of Low pass

filter, when power frequency currents are
passed to switchyard & high freq. signals are
blocked. Line trap also is known as Wave trap.
 Shapes like a DRUM.
Use for Carrier Communication (PLCC)
systems for communication among various
substations without dependence on the telecom
company network located in substation
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control room (through coupling capacitor and
 Make CGL
No of Core 3
Ratio
132KV/√3/110V/√3/110V/√3/110V
Class 0.2/3P/3P
Bushing Burden 100 VA/100 VA/100VA
>CVT is a transformer used to step down extra
high volt. Signals & provide low volt. Signals
either for measurement or to operate protective
relays. CVTs are typically 1-ø devices where
stack of capacitors are connected in series
result voltage drop.

Make S & S POWER SWITCHGEAR

EQUIPMENT LTD.
Type Drive Motor/Manual,415 v,3ø
Rated Voltage 145 kv
Rated Current 1250 A
Frequency 50 Hz
Short Time Rating 100 KA for 3 sec
Lightning Impulse with stand
650 kv
Across voltage

>Isolators are used to isolate the high Volt.

from flow through the line into the Bus. It
allows only needed voltage and rest is earthed
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by itself if required.
 •Bus: is a line in which the incoming feeder
come into & get into the instruments for
further step up or step down.
Spacer •Double line in the bus so that if any fault
occurs in one the other can still have the
current and the supply will not stop.
•Two lines are separated by a little distance by
a conductor [spacer] having a connector
between them .

Clamp
Tension

Suspension

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 OPERATIONAL MODES
• Normal Operation :
Synchronization Press
Start Up / Import
Press

• Inter -Transfer Mode Operation:

Inter Transfer Mode Press

By Pass change over Scheme:

Press

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Move Next
 OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY
DS-5 DS-5

DS-4 DS-4
CB CB

DS-3 DS-3
DS-2 DS-1 DS-2 DS-1

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS <--- GT BAY  <--- STN. TRFO BAY 
MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1 DS-2 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3

CB

CB CB
DS-4 DS-4

BUS COUPLER CUM

TRNSFER BREAKER

STN. TRFO
G. TRFO
Gen CB

G GENERATOR
U.A.TRFO LOAD 19
 OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY
DS-5 DS-5

DS-4 DS-4
CB CB

DS-3 DS-3
DS-2 DS-1 DS-2 DS-1

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS <--- GT BAY  <--- STN. TRFO BAY 
MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1 DS-2 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3

CB

CB CB
DS-4 DS-4

BUS COUPLER CUM

TRNSFER BREAKER

STN. TRFO
G. TRFO

G GENERATOR
U.A.TRFO
LLOOAADD 20
Press Back
 OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY
DS-5 DS-5

DS-4 DS-4
CB CB

DS-3 DS-3
DS-2 DS-1 DS-2 DS-1

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS <--- GT BAY  <--- STN. TRFO BAY 
MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1 DS-2 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3

CB

CB CB
DS-4 DS-4

BUS COUPLER CUM

TRNSFER BREAKER

STN. TRFO
G. TRFO

G GENERATOR
U.A.TRFO
LLOOAADD 21
Press Back
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1 DS-2 DS-2

DS-1 DS-3

CB

CB Tripping Prt.
DS-4

1. Close DS-3
BUS COUPLER CUM 2. Open DS-3 & DS4
TRNSFER BREAKERS

Close DS-3
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

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MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-2
DS-1
DS-3
CB Tripping Prt.

DS-1 DS-2
CB
DS-4

BUS COUPLER CUM

TRNSFER BREAKER

OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

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Press Back
MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1 DS-2 DS-2

DS-1 DS-3

CB
Protection
Tripping fuse Out

CB Tripping Prt.
DS-4

1. Open DS-1
BUS COUPLER CUM 2. Close DS-1
TRNSFER BREAKERS

OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

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Press Back
 Maintenance
• CTs, PTs ,all auxiliaries terminal tightness.
• SF6 Breaker Gas pressure monitoring
& maintain.
• Stone,metnal layer maintain across the area.
• Monitoring & diagnosis using Hotspot detector
or temperature scanner .
• Isolator & contact cleaning on scheduled.

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Thermal Sensor / Hot Spot Detector

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Protection

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 Protection System
• A series of devices whose main purpose is to
protect persons and primary electric power
equipment from the effects of faults.
 Why A System Needs Protection?

• There is no ‘fault free’ system.

• It is neither practical nor economical to build a ‘fault
free’
system.
• Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of faults.
• Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to
various reasons: Short Circuit, High Voltage, system aging,
lighting, etc.
 Protection System Elements
• Protective relays
• Circuit breakers
• Current and voltage
transducers
• Communications channels
• DC supply system
• Control cables
Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection scheme
CTs CB

Protected
C o n tr o l
E q u ip m e n t

R e la y

VTs
 How Do Relays Detect Faults?
• When a fault takes place, the current, voltage,
frequency, and other electrical variables behave in a
peculiar way. For example:
– Current suddenly increases
– Voltage suddenly decreases
• Relays can measure the currents and the voltages and
detect that there is an overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or
a combination of both
• Many other detection principles determine the design of
protective relays
 Main Protection Requirements
• Reliability

• Selectivity

• Speed

• Sensitivity
Typical Short-Circuit Type Distribution

Single-Phase-Ground: 70–80%
Phase-Phase- 17–10%
Ground: Phase- 10–08%
Phase: 03–02%
Three-Phase:
 Following type of Protection Curve
used in our plant
1. INSTANTANEOUS/High Speed
2. DMT: (Definite Mean Time-I>>/high set)
3. IDMT: (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
a. SI - Standard Inverse (I>)
b. VI - Very Inverse
c. EI - Extreme Inverse
d. LT - Long Time Inverse
I
 Formula for Relay Operating Time
calculation
Operating Time:
= A X TMS
Ir C - 1
o A=0.14 & C=0.02
for SI o A=0.13.5 &
C=1.0 for VI
o A= 80 & C= 2.0 for EI
o A=120 & C=1.0 for LTI
o Ir= I(multiple of fault
current) / Iset
 Example:
• If FLC=100A, % setting =105,
•Operate time = 10sec Then TMS=?
If CTR =150/1A, In=150, Isec=1A

As per CTR % set= 0.7*In.

Relay Iset= 700mA, Ir=1.05/1.0=1.05
=>TMS will be 0.136
IDMT:S
I
IDMT
:
 Basic Requirement for Relay Setting
• Equipment Full Rating(V, Amp, Z)
• CT/PT Ratio installed on that feeder
• Identification of CT/PT for
Particular protection.
• Breaker opening & tripping time.
• Equipments Factory Test
report/Curve
Relay Setting Adopted for our system:
1. OC: 105% to 120% - SI,
2. EF: 10% to 30%. - SI
3. OV: 110%, U/V: 80% - DMT
4. SEF: more than EF and time
>0.8to1.0sc.
5. REF/Diff : 08 to12% -Inst.
6. DPR (Z1-inst. Z2-300ms, Z-800ms)
Protection used for different System
• For Transmission Line :
a. Distance Protection
b. Backup Direction OC/EF
c. Lightning Protection
• For Transformer:
a. Differential Protection
b. Overfluxing
c. O/C & E/F
d. Restricted E/F
 e. Sensitive or standby E/F
f. Buchholz
g. Pressure Release Valve
h. Winding/ oil Temperature & LA
• For LT Motor (up to 35KW)
a.Thermal Overload
b. Fuse
• For LT Motor (Above 35KW)
a. Thermal Over Laod
b. O/C & E/F
 For HT Motors:

a. Thermal Over Load

b. O/C & E/F
c. Locked Rotor
d. Negative Phase Sequence
e. Start supervision
f. Restart Inhabit
• For Generator :
a. Differential Protection
b. Stator Earth Fault (100% & 90 %)
c. Rotor E/F
d. NPS
e. Backup Impedance
f. Backup O/C & E/F
g. Loss of field
h. Reverse Power (Short Time /Long time)
i. Thermal Overload Alarm
j. Dead Machine
k. Winding temperature
l. O/V & U/V
 SUMMAR
Y
• The Operative Direction for Directional OC Relays are as follows:
– GT bay relay is having operative direction towards GT.
– Line bay relay is having operative direction towards Line.
– Station Transformer. Relay is having operative direction towards Station Transformer.
• Grading margin of 0.3 seconds has been considered between different levels of
protective devices.
• In case of a fault on Line, Distance relay will operate instantaneously. If it fails to
Operate than Directional OC relay will operate as backup.
• If the fault is still found persisting than GT bay and other line bay relay will
give further backup and will trip their respective breakers to clear the fault.
• In case of a fault on Bus, Bus differential relay will operate instantaneously. If this
relay fails to clear the fault , all other feeders including two line bays and GT bay
relays will trip their respective breakers to clear the fault .
• In case of a fault in Generator Transformer (GT),Differential protection for GT will
operate instantaneously. And Directional relay looking towards GT will give backup
to it. If the fault is still found persisting than all other feeders including two line bays
will trip their respective breaker to clear the fault.