PINSP ZOWEL WILMER C UNCIANO

Psychophysiologist
 Physical Forensic
Identification Chemistry

1. Scientific
Investigation
2. Reliable Results of Firearms
Medico-Legal Examination Identification
3. Early Solutions of
Crimes

Forensic
Dactyloscopy
Photography
Questioned
Document

Conceptual Framework
 The division with its well-trained
Polygraph Examiners are committed to serve
both the public and private sector in
providing an invaluable investigative process
through polygraph examination,
criminalistics, training and research.
 To provide standard
and accurate polygraph
examination
administered under
controlled conditions for
the accomplishment of
the desired objective
towards justice and
freedom.
 Conduct polygraph examination
on subject referred to the
laboratory.

• Conduct Field Laboratory

work
Conduct researches on
new scientific methods
of detecting deception

Provide expert
opinion in court
upon request
 An instrument used to record physiological responses of a person being

questioned. It relies upon measures the body's involuntary responses,

which occur when the subject is conciously being deceptive or truthful.

A polygraph is actually several instruments combined to simultaneously

record changes in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. The electrical
conductivity of the skin's surface can also be measured—increased sweat-
gland activity reduces the skin's ability to carry electrical current.
A POLYGRAPH is a scientific diagnostic instrument that
is used by a polygraph examiner to administer a polygraph
examination for the purpose of verifying the truthfulness of
a person's statement regarding a specific issue - whether
criminal, civil or private - that is the object of an
investigation.

The polygraph can, however, provide a basis for an

evaluation of whether or not the subject's answers are
truthful. This test has also been helpful in exonerating
innocent persons accused of crimes.


 POLUS = MANY
 GRAPHOS = WRITINGS
 analog computerized

An examiner may use an analog polygraph,

however, today, most polygraph examinations are
administered using digital or computerized
polygraph technology.
Chart Paper
 PolyScore
is a computerized polygraph chart scoring algorithm that uses statistical
probability to arrive at truthfulness or deception. It has been shown that
validated algorithms have exceeded 98 per cent in their accuracy to
quantify, analyze and evaluate the physiological data collected from
polygraph examinations administered in real criminal cases.
Of
POLYGRAPH

 Since the dawn of civilization, mankind has sought ways to distinguish truthfulness from lying in those
individuals suspected of criminal wrongdoing. Various inventive techniques for the verification of truth and
the detection of deception have been tried over the centuries, many of these being ridiculous and
cruel. Despite their primitiveness, each technique was based on the assumption that some form of
physiological reaction occurred within a person when confronted with certain stimuli regarding a specific
event under investigation, and that this physiological reaction would, in turn, be manifested in certain
recognizable external symptoms that were indicative of honesty or deception

 From the days of Christ through the middle ages, man attempted to fetter out lies through the use of “ The
Ordeal “. This technique, in many instances was not based on any peculiar insights into the psychological
process underlying the awareness of guilt but rather it emanated from superstitious and religious faith.
Religious and superstition retained such a hold
on the senses of the people that frequently,
when charged with an offence, they asked for
the ordeal to prove their innocence, they
implicitly believed in its powers.
 Trial by Combat
 Trial by Ordeal
 Red Hot Iron Ordeal
 The Boiling Water
 The Ordeal of Rice Chewing
 Ordeal of the Red Water
 Donkey's Tail Ordeal
In West Africa persons suspected of a crime were made
to pass a bird's egg to one another. If a person breaks
the egg. Then he or she is was considered guilty, based
on the idea that their nervousness was to blame.

The ancient hill tribes of India

used the “the Red Hot Iron
Ordeal”. An accused man was
required to prove his innocent
by having a red-hot iron applied
to his tongue nine (9) times. If at
any time the iron burned his
tongue, the man is adjudge
“guilty”.
 Chinese required a suspect to
RICE CHEWING ORDEAL retain a handful of rice in his
mouth for a given time. He
was told to spit it out. If the
rice was found to be dry, the
man executed. The two
ordeals just described were, no
doubt, based on superstition.
Modern science and
observation teaches us that in
both instances the dryness of
the mouth was caused by fear.
We suspect that many
innocent men were put to
death as the result of these
ordeals.
 The middle ages in Western Europe, followed
by the dark times of the Inquisition, used methods
not to be proud of: Hot irons, iron maiden, the
wheel, burning at the stake, dunking, etc.
ironically, they have proven to be the least
effective.
ORDEAL OF BALANCE – this is the practice of
testing the veracity of the accused by placing
him on the scale of a balance, this ordeal was
originated from India.

The beam must have a groove with

water in it, evidently for the purpose
of detecting the slightest deflection
either way. The accused then
stepped out of the scale, listened to
a judge deliver an exhortation to the
balance, then get back in. if he were
found to be lighter than before, he
was acquitted.)
WATER BOILING ORDEAL
as a test for deception this ordeal was
used in Africa.
a fire was built and on it settled a huge
pot of water. After boiling it furiously, a
smaller pot of cold water was placed near
the boiling pot, and when the water was
turning over in huge rolls, the test began.
The accused was told to plunged his right
arm into the boiling pot to the elbow. The
accused then instructed to returned the
next afternoon.
If the accused lost some skin or showed
blisters, he would be adjudged guilty of a
crime.
 THE ORDEAL OF RED WATER – the accused fast
for twelve (12) hours, swallow a small amount of
rice, then imbibes of the dark colored water.

If the Suspect ejects all of the rice , he is considered innocent

of the charge, otherwise the accused is adjudged guilty.
is an excellent illustration of the
employment of psychology in
detecting the guilty. In India a
donkey was placed in a dimly lit
tent or room. Its tail had covered
with lampblack. all suspect of an
offense were instructed to the
enclosure and while going through
they were to grasp the donkeys
tail.
 They were also told that the donkey
would bray when touched by the guilty
person. Upon leaving, all persons were
inspected by the judge. The person
having clean hands was adjudge guilty.

From these ancient records until today, many techniques and

methods have been invented and tried to ascertain truth and lie,
deception or non-deception, right or wrong. Sometimes based
upon pure psychological methods, sometimes, purely
mechanical, sometimes combination of both, they all come down
to the basic need of knowing the real facts.
 Truth Serum
 Hypnotism
 Word Association
 Polygraphy
 Thomas Jefferson used a writing insrtrument
called “PANTOGRAPH” where the word
Polygraph derived from its principles.

 recommended that taking the pulse of a suspicious fellow was a

practical, effective and humane method for distinguishing
truthfulness from lying. Defoe's was an early and insightful
suggestion to employ medical science in the fight against crime.
Science first came to the aid of the truthseeker through his research. It was
then that Mosso used an instrument called a plethysmograph in his research on
emotion and fear in subjects undergoing questioning and he studied the effects
of these variables on their cardiovascular and respiratory activity. Mosso
studied blood circulation and breathing patterns and how these changed under
certain stimuli.  He was the first scientist to report on experiments in which he
observed that a person's breathing pattern changed under certain stimuli, and
that this change, in turn, caused variations in their blood pressure and pulse
rate.

constructed the clinical polygraph, an instrument to be used for

medical examinations with the capability to simultaneously
record undulated line tracings of the vascular pulses (radial,
venous and arterial), by way of a stylus onto a revolving drum of
smoked paper.
He modified an existing instrument called a hydrosphygmograph
and used this modified device in his experiments to measure the
physiological changes that occurred in a crime suspect's blood
pressure and pulse rate during a police interrogation.
Lombroso's early device for measuring pulse rate and blood pressure
is similar to the cardiosphygmograph component of the
contemporary polygraph.

Angelo Mosso the first to actually use a physical device to

demonstrate the changes in pulse and blood volume.
 In the middle of 19th Century, DR. HANS GROSS,
An Austrian “Father of Criminalistics” defined
search for truth as the basis and goal of all
criminal investigations
1. Casdiosphymograph - It records the
examinees pulse wave amplitude, pulse rate, blood
pressure and changes in each of these variables through
the use of a blood pressure cuff and bladder.
Blood Pressure Cuff Assembly

Pump Bulb
a blood pressure cuff that is secured around the
examinee's upper arm and centered over the brachial
artery for the purpose of obtaining a continuous
tracing of his or her cardiovascular activity (i.e., heart
rate, blood pressure, blood volume);
Blood pressure cuff
 Respiration-increased and irregular breathing rate.
Gasping for breath and sighing are kinds of changes
during an amotional excitement that affect I/E ratio (
inspiration-expiration ratio). Breathing rates are
measured by a pneumograph.
Pneumograph - the component is made up of two
corrugated rubber tubes that wrap around the examinee's
lower and upper chest area the section of the instrument
records respiratory movements. The examinee breathing
rate and inhalation / exhalation pattern. The examinee's
normal breathing pattern and respiratory movement are
analyzed throughout the examination, and the examiner
reviews changes that occur during the structure
examination.
 Pneumograph chest asssembly

Pneumograph abdominal assembly

 Galvanic skin response – electrical changes in
the skin. These can be detected by a
galvanometer. The galvanic skin response
(GSR) is a sensitive indicator of changes in
emotional state.
Galvanograph (GSR) – the body's response to electricity was measured and
found to be an indicator of deception due to changes that occur within the body when a
person is deceptive . The human body's resistance to and conductance of electrical current
fluctuates, and these fluctuations that occur during structured questions techniques are
recorded by the polygraph instrument through the use of two components that are
attached to the pointer and index fingers of the examinee.
 two protruding electrodes each with an
insulated seating — called "galvanometers" —
that are attached to two of the examinee's fingers
for the purpose of obtaining a continuous tracing
of his or her electrodermal activity.
Kymograph
– is the motor that drives the chart paper under the
recording pen.
 “ A polygraph Examiner is one who is capable of being able to
detect deception or verify truth of statement through
instrumentation or the use of mechanical device.”
 CRIMINOLOGIST/BS Criminology Graduate/
 PSYCHOLOGY Graduate/passed the Civil Service
Professional Examination
 Polygraph training at least eight (8) months at the PNP
Crime Laboratory
 Six (6) months of continuous actual Polygraph
examination under the supervision of a qualified
Polygraph Examiner of the PNP Crime Laboratory.
 refers to a PERSON being examined.
 THE SUBJECT
All people with a sound mind and body can be subjected to polygraph
examination and it should be explained that the examination is voluntary on the
part of the subject and that it will be conducted if polygraph examination consent
will be signed.
After the subject agreed and signed the consent to the polygraph
examination, the subject should be advised that no adverse action should be
taken because of the refusal to consent to an examinations, and that no record of
refusal will be filed in any personal records.
A statement, admissions, or confession obtain after appropriate rights
warnings may be entered as evidence, and the use of polygraph does not alter
this fact therefore if the examiner receives an oral or written confessions, the
examiner may generally testify in court about it.
Thoracic breathing pattern
Abdominal breathing pattern
Galvanic Skin Response
Cardiosphymograph Tracing
 GENERAL QUESTION TEST – this consist of series of relevant,
irrelevant and control questions asked in a planned order.
 PEAK OF TENSION TEST – this valid test is only made possible
when there is no widespread publicity about the crime where
intimate details as to the method of commission or certain facts of
the case is known only by the guilty perpetrator, victim and the
investigator.
 These are questions, which do not relate to the matter
under investigation and deal with a known fact about
which the subject cannot lie. They are designed to
absorb the initial response as the questions sequence
start, and should produce little or no emotional change
in the subject.
 They are generally utilized to establish the subject's
norm and a place to make necessary adjustment of the
tracings.
 These are questions, which are direct having specific
relationship to the crime or case on issue under
consideration to include some secondary element such
as guilty knowledge or partial involvement.
 The relevant questions are designed specifically to
produce an emotional response attempting deception.
 Weak Relevant – it concern some secondary element of
the crime or problem and deals with mostly in guilty
knowledge and partial involvement.
 Strong Relevant – it is defined as verbal stimulus of
primary important projected in the form of question
which overcome a psychological excitement level and
causes tracings changes from the subject's
physiological norms.
 Evidence Connecting – it is designed to stimulate the
guilty subject and focus the attentiion on the
probability of incriminating proof that would tend to
establish the guilt of the subject.
 Knowledge Question – designed or began to prove
whether the subject posses information regarding the
identity of the offender , the location of evidences or
items secondary element of the case.
 they are unrelated to the matter under
investigation but are of similar in nature, do
less serious or at least this answer will give him
some concern with respect to the truth and
accuracy.
 A polygraph examination consists of three
separate and distinct phases.
 These are:
 Pre-test Phase

 In-test Phase

 Post-test Phase
 1. Initial Interview with the Investigator
handling the case.

 2. Pre-Test

 3. Instrumental Test

 4. Post Test
 During this first phase, the examiner will:
 inform the examinee of the specific issue that is being investigated;
 
 advise the examinee of his or her constitutional rights, of their right to an
attorney and of the voluntary action of submitting to a polygraph
examination; 
 complete the necessary documentation; 
 provide the examinee with a detailed explanation of the polygraph
instrumentation with its components and how these work;
 
 answer any questions that the examinee may have;
 
 obtain the examinee's version of the facts regarding the specific issue
under investigation;
 
 formulate and review with the examinee all the questions that will be
asked of him or her during the polygraph examination.
 Includes everything that occurs between the time the instrument
is first activated until final deactivation.
 Testing instructions to the subject
 Proper activation of the instrument
 Planning and presentation of various test types and question
sequences.
 Presentation of appropriate stimulation and conditioning
techniques
 Preliminary evaluation of trurhfulness or deception.
● This phase includes all considerations that bear on the
examination just after the instrument is turned off. If the
PolyGram indicate deception, the examiner proceeds to conduct
short interrogation, the purpose of which is to obtain confession
or admission. However, if the test indicates truth, then the
subject will be released and thank him for his cooperation. Also
in this phase, the subject could be informed in case of doubt, if
he needs to undergo a re-test. Official result of the examination
could be released 24 hours upon completion of the examination
of all the subjects and no re-test is necessary.
 During this last phase, the examiner will give the examinee the
result of the polygraph examination. If the physiological data
recorded on the charts shows reactions on the part of the
examinee to the relevant questions that were asked, he or she will
be given the opportunity to explain these reactions.
 Once the post-test phase is finished, the examiner will provide the
client with a verbal report of the polygraph examination and its
result. This will be followed, in a timely manner, by a written
report containing a factual account of all the information
developed during the polygraph procedure, as well as the
examiner's professional opinion of the examination results based
on the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of the polygraph
data.
. “ During the test, the examiner ask question,
this questions becomes a verbal stimulus, the
message is received by the ear and transmitted
to the brain. The brain analyzes the question, if
the question is not a threat to the well being of
the subject the thought central discards it and
the body continue to function normally.
However, when the question is important to the
subject physiological chain reaction takes place
within his body which is recorded by the
polygraph instrument and can be evaluated by
the polygraph examiner...
 PRINCIPLES OF POLYGRAPH
The polygraph science is known as Psychophysiological Detection
of Deception. The key here is the fear of detection of deception. This
is based on the principle that a person will direct his/ her attention to that
issue that possesses the biggest threat to his/her well being.
In practical terms this means that an examinee is asked a certain
range of questions, he/ she will show the biggest threat to his/ her well
being, i.e. the questioned examinee is the most to be detected lying.
Through done over the past 75 years, various polygraph techniques have
been developed which dramatically improved the accuracy of the
polygraph.

APPLICATION
polygraph testing is often used to confirm or exonerate a person's
involvement in any suspicious activity or wrong doing. Polygraph
examination is of great assistance in the absence of corroborative
evidence.
The lying person fears detection, causing
physiological changes to take place in his body.

Fear of detection must be experience by the

subject, otherwise no physiological changes
will occur.
 Benign Lies
 Black Lies
 Red Lies
 Malicious Lies
White Lie or Benign Lie

– a kind of lie which is common to all,

intended to protect or maintain
harmony of friendship.
Black Lie

- a lie which is accompanied by

pretension and hypocrisies, intriguing
to cause dishonor or discredit one's
good image
Red Lie

- this include political interest and motives

because this is a part of a communist propaganda
strategy. This lie is prevalent in the communist
countries or communist infested nations. Lies of
this kind purport to destroy other's ideology by
means of propaganda brain-washing and blackmail
via espionage and treason.
Malicious Lie
- this is pure and unjustifiable kind of
lie. This is intended purely to misled justice.
The probable result by all means would be
“perjury” and pure dishonest to abstract
justice. Some liar lawyers and false witnesses
fall under this category.
 PROFESSIONAL LIAR

 PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
 INTERNAL RESPONSES
 - palpitation of the heart
 - dryness of the mouth
 - lump in the throat
 - sinking feeling in the fit of the stomach
 Blood pressure and volume - changes in
pressure and distribution of the blood between
the surface and the interior of the body. For
example, there is blushing when embarrassed.
 Blood composition - when adrenalin is
absorbed by the blood during an emotional
excitement, there are changes in the blood
composition. Changes in blood sugar, acid base
balance and adrenalin content occurs. The increase
in blood sugar makes the individual energetic and
counteracts fatigue. The blood tends to clot more
quickly also.
 Muscle tension and tremor - contraction of the
muscles. Tremor accompanies tense muscles.
 Gastrointestinal motility - the movement of
stomach and intestine. Investigators use x-ray
or the stomach balloon technique to
determine changes in the digestive activity.
Nausea, constipation, or diarrhea may be the
effects of emotional excitement.
 EXTERNAL RESPONSES
 Facial Expressions

 Postural Reactions
 Salivary secretion - dryness of the mouth.
There is a decrease in saliva or a change in its
consistency.
 Hear the voices
 Watch those words
 Look past shifty eye
 Body language
 Check for emotional “leaks”
 The polygraph science is known as Psycho Physiological
Detection of Deception. The key here is the fear of detection of
deception. This is based on the principle that a person will direct his/
her attention to that issue that possesses the biggest threat to his/her
well being

In practical terms this means that an examinee is asked a certain

range of questions, he/ she will show the biggest threat to his/ her
well being, the questioned examinee is the most afraid to be detected
lying.
. To determine truth or deception
based on the presence of
emotional disturbance of the
subject as appearing on the
recorded physiological responses
to questions relative to the case
under investigation.
 1. To ascertain if a person is telling the truth.

2. Verify statement of the subject.

3. Obtain additional facts or additional leads to the facts

of the offense, the location of stolen goods and
whereabouts of missing or wanted persons.
 It is an aid to investigator.
 It speeds the process of investigation.
 It eliminates innocent subject/s.
 The investigator can concentrate to one or two
subjects to determine truth or deception.
 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
 PRE-EMPLOYMENT
 PERIODIC SCREENING
 FINANCE AND BANKING
INVESTIGATION
 INSURANCE INVESTIGATION
 EMPLOYEE THEFT / FRAUD
 SEXUAL HARRASSMENT
 There are two components in assessing the value of an
examination- reliability and validity. First, the measurements recorded
by the instrument do not directly indicate lying. Second factor is the
ability of the polygraph examiner to interpret the test result.
According to the latest research, polygraph accuracy is suggested to
be in the 95% to 98% accuracy range. Recent studies also conclude that
a well designed examination administered by a skilled examiner is
highly valid and close to 100% accuracy on the computerized systems.
 NO one can beat the polygraph machine, they beat the
examiner conducting it.

Typically, truthful examinees are cooperative and follow

instructions whereas untruthful or deceptive examinees will
attempt to engage in a certain behavior and effort to distort the
tracings.
 Those deliberate techniques which a deceptive subjects uses in an
attempt to appear non-deceptive when his physiological
responses are being monitored during a polygraph examination;
 Mental- countermeasures require employment of the mind.
 Physical- require the deliberate manipulation or treatment of
some part of the body for the purpose of affecting a physiological
data recorded on the polygraph chart.
 Pharmaceutical- the use of drugs wether stimulants or
depressants.
 A Polygraph records changes in blood pressure,
pulse rate, galvanic skin conductivity and reactivity. It is
expected that all person who undergo the test will be
nervous whether they intend to answer questions
truthfully or not.
Graphs obtained during an examination is generally not admissible as an
evidence in court nor even if allowed will not stand alone. It is the role of the
courts to determine guilt or innocence not a polygraph examination result.
However, statements and confession obtained through the use of polygraph
are admissible provided they meet all requirements, that the subject is
appraised of his applicable rights and in the presence of the counsel. Expert
testimony on polygraph result may be admitted as evidence subject to the
discretion of the trial judge.
 CONCLUSION

 Detection of lies is not an easy task, that does not mean that
detecting lies is impossible.

 There is no technique superior or inferior. All the techniques

will be used for detection of deception accordingly as per
expert ability and suspect's behavior.