1

Chapter 14 - File Processing

Outline
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Data Hierarchy
14.3 Files and Streams
14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File
14.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File
14.6 Updating Sequential-Access Files
14.7 Random-Access Files
14.8 Creating a Random-Access File
14.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File
14.10 Reading Data Sequentially from a Random-Access File
14.11 Example: A Transaction-Processing Program
14.12 Input/Output of Objects

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 2

14.1 Introduction

• Storage of data
– Arrays, variables are temporary
– Files are permanent
• Magnetic disk, optical disk, tapes
• In this chapter
– Create, update, process files
– Sequential and random access
– Formatted and raw processing

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 3

14.2 The Data Hierarchy

• From smallest to largest

– Bit (binary digit)
• 1 or 0
• Everything in computer ultimately represented as bits
• Cumbersome for humans to use
• Character set
– Digits, letters, symbols used to represent data
– Every character represented by 1's and 0's
– Byte: 8 bits
• Can store a character (char)
• Also Unicode for large character sets (wchar_t)

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 4

14.2 The Data Hierarchy

• From smallest to largest (continued)

– Field: group of characters with some meaning
• Your name
– Record: group of related fields
• struct or class in C++
• In payroll system, could be name, SS#, address, wage
• Each field associated with same employee
• Record key: field used to uniquely identify record
– File: group of related records
• Payroll for entire company
• Sequential file: records stored by key
– Database: group of related files
• Payroll, accounts-receivable, inventory…

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 5

14.2 The Data Hierarchy

Sally Black
Tom Blue
Judy Green File
Iris Orange
Randy Red

Judy Green Record

Judy Field
01001010 Byte (ASCII character J)

1 Bit

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 6

14.3 Files and Streams

• C++ views file as sequence of bytes

– Ends with end-of-file marker
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... n-1
... end-of-file marker

• When file opened

– Object created, stream associated with it
– cin, cout, etc. created when <iostream> included
• Communication between program and file/device

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 7

14.3 Files and Streams

• To perform file processing

– Include <iostream> and <fstream>
– Class templates
• basic_ifstream (input)
• basic_ofstream (output)
• basic_fstream (I/O)
– typedefs for specializations that allow char I/O
• ifstream (char input)
• ofstream (char output)
• fstream (char I/O)

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 8

14.3 Files and Streams

• Opening files
– Create objects from template
– Derive from stream classes
• Can use stream methods from Ch. 12
• put, get, peek, etc.

basic_ios

basic_istream basic_ostream

basic_ifstream basic_iostream basic_ofstream

basic_fstream

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 9

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

• C++ imposes no structure on file

– Concept of "record" must be implemented by programmer
• To open file, create objects
– Creates "line of communication" from object to file
– Classes
• ifstream (input only)
• ofstream (output only)
• fstream (I/O)
– Constructors take file name and file-open mode
ofstream outClientFile( "filename", fileOpenMode );
– To attach a file later
Ofstream outClientFile;
outClientFile.open( "filename", fileOpenMode);

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 10

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

• File-open modes
Mode Description

ios::app Write all output to the end of the file.

ios::ate Open a file for output and move to the end of the
file (normally used to append data to a file).
Data can be written anywhere in the file.
ios::in Open a file for input.
ios::out Open a file for output.
ios::trunc Discard the file’s contents if it exists (this is
also the default action for ios::out)
ios::binary Open a file for binary (i.e., non-text) input or
output.

– ofstream opened for output by default

• ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::out );
• ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat");

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 11

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

• Operations
– Overloaded operator!
• !outClientFile
• Returns nonzero (true) if badbit or failbit set
– Opened non-existent file for reading, wrong permissions
– Overloaded operator void*
• Converts stream object to pointer
• 0 when when failbit or badbit set, otherwise nonzero
– failbit set when EOF found
• while ( cin >> myVariable )
– Implicitly converts cin to pointer
– Loops until EOF

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 12

14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File

• Operations
– Writing to file (just like cout)
• outClientFile << myVariable
– Closing file
• outClientFile.close()
• Automatically closed when destructor called

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 13
1 // Fig. 14.4: fig14_04.cpp
2 // Create a sequential file.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig14_04.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::ios;
8 using std::cerr;
9 using std::endl;
10
11 #include <fstream>
12 Notice the the header files
13 using std::ofstream; required for file I/O.
14
15 #include <cstdlib> // exit prototype ofstream object created
16 and used to open file
17 int main() "clients.dat". If the file
18 { does not exist, it is created.
19 // ofstream constructor opens file
20 ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::out );
21 ! operator used to test if the
22 // exit program if unable to create file file opened properly.
23 if ( !outClientFile ) { // overloaded ! operator
24 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
25 exit( 1 );
26
27 } // end if

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 14
28
29 cout << "Enter the account, name, and balance." << endl
Outline
30 << "Enter end-of-file to end input.\n? ";
cin is implicitly converted to
31
a pointer. When EOF is fig14_04.cpp
32 int account;
encountered, it returns 0 and (2 of 2)
33 char name[ 30 ];
34 double balance; the loop stops.
35
36 // read account, name and balance from cin, then place in file
37 while ( cin >> account >> name >> balance ) {
38 outClientFile << account << ' ' << name << ' ' << balance
39 << endl;
40 cout << "? ";
41 Write data to file like a
42 } // end while regular stream.
43
44 return 0; // ofstream destructor closes file
45
46 } // end main
File closed when destructor
called for object. Can be
explicitly closed with
close().

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 15
Enter the account, name, and balance.
Enter end-of-file to end input.
Outline
? 100 Jones 24.98
? 200 Doe 345.67
fig14_04.cpp
? 300 White 0.00
output (1 of 1)
? 400 Stone -42.16
? 500 Rich 224.62
? ^Z

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 16

14.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File

• Reading files
– ifstream inClientFile( "filename", ios::in );
– Overloaded !
• !inClientFile tests if file was opened properly
– operator void* converts to pointer
• while (inClientFile >> myVariable)
• Stops when EOF found (gets value 0)

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 17
1 // Fig. 14.7: fig14_07.cpp
2 // Reading and printing a sequential file.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig14_07.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 3)
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::ios;
8 using std::cerr;
9 using std::endl;
10 using std::left;
11 using std::right;
12 using std::fixed;
13 using std::showpoint;
14
15 #include <fstream>
16
17 using std::ifstream;
18
19 #include <iomanip>
20
21 using std::setw;
22 using std::setprecision;
23
24 #include <cstdlib> // exit prototype
25
26 void outputLine( int, const char * const, double );
27

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 18
28 int main()
29 {
Outline
30 // ifstream constructor opens the file Open and test file for input.
31 ifstream inClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );
fig14_07.cpp
32
(2 of 3)
33 // exit program if ifstream could not open file
34 if ( !inClientFile ) {
35 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
36 exit( 1 );
37
38 } // end if
39
40 int account;
41 char name[ 30 ];
42 double balance;
43
44 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 13 )
45
Read from file until EOF
<< "Name" << "Balance" << endl << fixed << showpoint;
46 found.
47 // display each record in file
48 while ( inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance )
49 outputLine( account, name, balance );
50
51 return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file
52
53 } // end main

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 19
54
55 // display single record from file
Outline
56 void outputLine( int account, const char * const name,
57 double balance )
fig14_07.cpp
58 {
(3 of 3)
59 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name
60 << setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance
61 << endl; fig14_07.cpp
62 output (1 of 1)
63 } // end function outputLine

Account Name Balance

100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
300 White 0.00
400 Stone -42.16
500 Rich 224.62

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 20

14.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File

• File position pointers

– Number of next byte to read/write
– Functions to reposition pointer
• seekg (seek get for istream class)
• seekp (seek put for ostream class)
• Classes have "get" and "put" pointers
– seekg and seekp take offset and direction
• Offset: number of bytes relative to direction
• Direction (ios::beg default)
– ios::beg - relative to beginning of stream
– ios::cur - relative to current position
– ios::end - relative to end

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 21

14.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File

• Examples
– fileObject.seekg(0)
• Goes to front of file (location 0) because ios::beg is
default
– fileObject.seekg(n)
• Goes to nth byte from beginning
– fileObject.seekg(n, ios::cur)
• Goes n bytes forward
– fileObject.seekg(y, ios::end)
• Goes y bytes back from end
– fileObject.seekg(0, ios::cur)
• Goes to last byte
– seekp similar

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 22

14.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File

• To find pointer location

– tellg and tellp
– location = fileObject.tellg()
• Upcoming example
– Credit manager program
– List accounts with zero balance, credit, and debit

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 23
1 // Fig. 14.8: fig14_08.cpp
2 // Credit-inquiry program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig14_08.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 6)
6 using std::cin;
7 using std::ios;
8 using std::cerr;
9 using std::endl;
10 using std::fixed;
11 using std::showpoint;
12 using std::left;
13 using std::right;
14
15 #include <fstream>
16
17 using std::ifstream;
18
19 #include <iomanip>
20
21 using std::setw;
22 using std::setprecision;
23
24 #include <cstdlib>
25

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 24
26 enum RequestType { ZERO_BALANCE = 1, CREDIT_BALANCE,
27 DEBIT_BALANCE, END };
Outline
28 int getRequest();
29 bool shouldDisplay( int, double );
fig14_08.cpp
30 void outputLine( int, const char * const, double );
(2 of 6)
31
32 int main()
33 {
34 // ifstream constructor opens the file
35 ifstream inClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );
36
37 // exit program if ifstream could not open file
38 if ( !inClientFile ) {
39 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
40 exit( 1 );
41
42 } // end if
43
44 int request;
45 int account;
46 char name[ 30 ];
47 double balance;
48
49 // get user's request (e.g., zero, credit or debit balance)
50 request = getRequest();
51

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 25
52 // process user's request
53 while ( request != END ) {
Outline
54
55 switch ( request ) {
fig14_08.cpp
56
(3 of 6)
57 case ZERO_BALANCE:
58 cout << "\nAccounts with zero balances:\n";
59 break;
60
61 case CREDIT_BALANCE:
62 cout << "\nAccounts with credit balances:\n";
63 break;
64
65 case DEBIT_BALANCE:
66 cout << "\nAccounts with debit balances:\n";
67 break;
68
69 } // end switch
70

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 26
71 // read account, name and balance from file
72 inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance;
Outline
73
74 // display file contents (until eof)
fig14_08.cpp
75 while ( !inClientFile.eof() ) {
(4 of 6)
76
77 // display record
78 if ( shouldDisplay( request, balance ) )
79 outputLine( account, name, balance );
80
81 // read account, name and balance from file
82 inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance;
Use clear to reset eof. Use
83
seekg to set file position
84 } // end inner while
85
pointer to beginning of file.
86 inClientFile.clear(); // reset eof for next input
87 inClientFile.seekg( 0 ); // move to beginning of file
88 request = getRequest(); // get additional request from user
89
90 } // end outer while
91
92 cout << "End of run." << endl;
93
94 return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file
95
96 } // end main

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 27
97
98 // obtain request from user
Outline
99 int getRequest()
100 {
fig14_08.cpp
101 int request;
(5 of 6)
102
103 // display request options
104 cout << "\nEnter request" << endl
105 << " 1 - List accounts with zero balances" << endl
106 << " 2 - List accounts with credit balances" << endl
107 << " 3 - List accounts with debit balances" << endl
108 << " 4 - End of run" << fixed << showpoint;
109
110 // input user request
111 do {
112 cout << "\n? ";
113 cin >> request;
114
115 } while ( request < ZERO_BALANCE && request > END );
116
117 return request;
118
119 } // end function getRequest
120

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 28
121 // determine whether to display given record
122 bool shouldDisplay( int type, double balance )
Outline
123 {
124 // determine whether to display credit balances
fig14_08.cpp
125 if ( type == CREDIT_BALANCE && balance < 0 )
(6 of 6)
126 return true;
127
128 // determine whether to display debit balances
129 if ( type == DEBIT_BALANCE && balance > 0 )
130 return true;
131
132 // determine whether to display zero balances
133 if ( type == ZERO_BALANCE && balance == 0 )
134 return true;
135
136 return false;
137
138 } // end function shouldDisplay
139
140 // display single record from file
141 void outputLine( int account, const char * const name,
142 double balance )
143 {
144 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name
145 << setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance
146 << endl;
147
148 } // end function outputLine
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 29
Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
Outline
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
fig14_08.cpp
4 - End of run
output (1 of 2)
? 1
 
Accounts with zero balances:
300 White 0.00
 
Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 2
Accounts with credit balances:
400 Stone -42.16
 

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 30
Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
Outline
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
fig14_08.cpp
4 - End of run
output (2 of 2)
? 3
 
Accounts with debit balances:
100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
500 Rich 224.62
 
Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 4
End of run.

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 31

14.6 Updating Sequential-Access Files

• Updating sequential files

– Risk overwriting other data
– Example: change name "White" to "Worthington"
• Old data
300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87
• Insert new data
300 Worthington 0.00

300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87

Data gets overwritten

300 Worthington 0.00ones 32.87

– Formatted text different from internal representation

– Problem can be avoided, but awkward

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 32

14.7 Random-Access Files

• Instant access
– Want to locate record quickly
• Airline reservations, ATMs
– Sequential files must search through each one
• Random-access files are solution
– Instant access
– Insert record without destroying other data
– Update/delete items without changing other data

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 33

14.7 Random-Access Files

• C++ imposes no structure on files

– Programmer must create random-access files
– Simplest way: fixed-length records
• Calculate position in file from record size and key

0 100 200 300 400 500

} byte offsets
}
}
}
}
}
}
100 100 100 100 100 100
bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes

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 34

14.8 Creating a Random-Access File

• "1234567" (char *) vs 1234567 (int)

– char * takes 8 bytes (1 for each character + null)
– int takes fixed number of bytes (perhaps 4)
• 123 same size in bytes as 1234567
• << operator and write()
– outFile << number
• Outputs number (int) as a char *
• Variable number of bytes
– outFile.write( const char *, size );
• Outputs raw bytes
• Takes pointer to memory location, number of bytes to write
– Copies data directly from memory into file
– Does not convert to char *
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 35

14.8 Creating a Random-Access File

• Example
outFile.write( reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&number),
sizeof( number ) );
– &number is an int *
• Convert to const char * with reinterpret_cast
– sizeof(number)
• Size of number (an int) in bytes
– read function similar (more later)
– Must use write/read between compatible machines
• Only when using raw, unformatted data
– Use ios::binary for raw writes/reads

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 36

14.8 Creating a Random-Access File

• Usually write entire struct or object to file

• Problem statement
– Credit processing program
– Store at most 100 fixed-length records
– Record
• Account number (key)
• First and last name
• Balance
– Account operations
• Update, create new, delete, list all accounts in a file
• Next: program to create blank 100-record file

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 37
1 // Fig. 14.10: clientData.h
2 // Class ClientData definition used in Fig. 14.12–Fig. 14.15.
Outline
3 #ifndef CLIENTDATA_H
4 #define CLIENTDATA_H
Class ClientData stores clientData.h
5
the information for each (1 of 2)
6 #include <iostream>
7
person. 100 blank
8 using std::string; ClientData objects will be
9 written to a file.
10 class ClientData {
11
12 public:
13
14 // default ClientData constructor
15 ClientData( int = 0, string = "", string = "", double = 0.0 );
16
17 // accessor functions for accountNumber
18 void setAccountNumber( int );
19 int getAccountNumber() const;
20
21 // accessor functions for lastName
22 void setLastName( string );
23 string getLastName() const;
24

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 38
25 // accessor functions for firstName
26 void setFirstName( string );
Outline
27 string getFirstName() const;
28
clientData.h
29 // accessor functions for balance
(2 of 2)
30 void setBalance( double );
31 double getBalance() const;
32 Put limits on the size of the
33 private: first and last name.
34 int accountNumber; accountNumber (an int)
35 char lastName[ 15 ]; and balance (double) are
36 char firstName[ 10 ]; already of a fixed size.
37 double balance;
38
39 }; // end class ClientData
40
41 #endif

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 39
1 // Fig. 14.11: ClientData.cpp
2 // Class ClientData stores customer's credit information.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
ClientData.cpp
5 using std::string;
(1 of 4)
6
7 #include <cstring>
8 #include "clientData.h"
9
10 // default ClientData constructor
11 ClientData::ClientData( int accountNumberValue,
12 string lastNameValue, string firstNameValue,
13 double balanceValue )
14 {
15 setAccountNumber( accountNumberValue );
16 setLastName( lastNameValue );
17 setFirstName( firstNameValue );
18 setBalance( balanceValue );
19
20 } // end ClientData constructor
21
22 // get account-number value
23 int ClientData::getAccountNumber() const
24 {
25 return accountNumber;
26
27 } // end function getAccountNumber

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 40
28
29 // set account-number value
Outline
30 void ClientData::setAccountNumber( int accountNumberValue )
31 {
ClientData.cpp
32 accountNumber = accountNumberValue;
(2 of 4)
33
34 } // end function setAccountNumber
35
36 // get last-name value
37 string ClientData::getLastName() const
38 {
39 return lastName;
40
41 } // end function getLastName
42
43 // set last-name value
44 void ClientData::setLastName( string lastNameString )
45 {
46 // copy at most 15 characters from string to lastName
47 const char *lastNameValue = lastNameString.data();
48 int length = strlen( lastNameValue );
49 length = ( length < 15 ? length : 14 );
50 strncpy( lastName, lastNameValue, length );
51
52 // append null character to lastName
53 lastName[ length ] = '\0';

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 41
54
55 } // end function setLastName
Outline
56
57 // get first-name value
ClientData.cpp
58 string ClientData::getFirstName() const
(3 of 4)
59 {
60 return firstName;
61
62 } // end function getFirstName
63
64 // set first-name value
65 void ClientData::setFirstName( string firstNameString )
66 {
67 // copy at most 10 characters from string to firstName
68 const char *firstNameValue = firstNameString.data();
69 int length = strlen( firstNameValue );
70 length = ( length < 10 ? length : 9 );
71 strncpy( firstName, firstNameValue, length );
72
73 // append new-line character to firstName
74 firstName[ length ] = '\0';
75
76 } // end function setFirstName
77

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 42
78 // get balance value
79 double ClientData::getBalance() const
Outline
80 {
81 return balance;
ClientData.cpp
82
(4 of 4)
83 } // end function getBalance
84
85 // set balance value
86 void ClientData::setBalance( double balanceValue )
87 {
88 balance = balanceValue;
89
90 } // end function setBalance

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 43
1 // Fig. 14.12: fig14_12.cpp
2 // Creating a randomly accessed file.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig14_12.cpp
5 using std::cerr;
(1 of 2)
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::ios;
8
9 #include <fstream>
10
11 using std::ofstream;
12
13 #include <cstdlib>
14 #include "clientData.h" // ClientData class definition
Open a file for raw writing
15
16 int main()
using an ofstream object
17 { and ios::binary.
18 ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::binary );
19
20 // exit program if ofstream could not open file
21 if ( !outCredit ) {
22 cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
23 exit( 1 );
24
25 } // end if

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 44
26
27 // create ClientData with no information
Outline
28 ClientData blankClient; Create a blank object. Use
29 write to output the raw data
fig14_12.cpp
30 // output 100 blank records to file to a file (passing a pointer to
(2 of 2)
31 for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ ) the object and its size).
32 outCredit.write(
33 reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &blankClient ),
34 sizeof( ClientData ) );
35
36 return 0;
37
38 } // end main

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 45
14.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-
Access File
• Use seekp to write to exact location in file
– Where does the first record begin?
• Byte 0
– The second record?
• Byte 0 + sizeof(object)
– Any record?
• (Recordnum - 1) * sizeof(object)

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 46
1 // Fig. 14.13: fig14_13.cpp
2 // Writing to a random access file.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig14_13.cpp
5 using std::cerr;
(1 of 4)
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::cout;
8 using std::cin;
9 using std::ios;
10
11 #include <iomanip>
12
13 using std::setw;
14
15 #include <fstream>
16
17 using std::ofstream;
18
19 #include <cstdlib>
20 #include "clientData.h" // ClientData class definition
21

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 47
22 int main()
23 {
Outline
24 int accountNumber;
25 char lastName[ 15 ];
Open file for raw (binary)
fig14_13.cpp
26 char firstName[ 10 ];
writing. (2 of 4)
27 double balance;
28
29 ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::binary );
30
31 // exit program if ofstream cannot open file
32 if ( !outCredit ) {
33 cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
34 exit( 1 );
35
36 } // end if
37
38 cout << "Enter account number "
39 << "(1 to 100, 0 to end input)\n? ";
40 Get account number, put into
41 // require user to specify account object. It has not yet been
number
42 ClientData client; written to file.
43 cin >> accountNumber;
44 client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );
45

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 48
46 // user enters information, which is copied into file
47 while ( client.getAccountNumber() > 0 &&
Outline
48 client.getAccountNumber() <= 100 ) {
49
fig14_13.cpp
50 // user enters last name, first name and balance
(3 of 4)
51 cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
52 cin >> setw( 15 ) >> lastName;
53 cin >> setw( 10 ) >> firstName;
54 cin >> balance;
55
56 // set record lastName, firstName and balance
Position values to the
outCredit
57 client.setLastName( lastName );
proper location in the file
58 client.setFirstName( firstName );
59 client.setBalance( balance );
(based on the account
60
number).
61 // seek position in file of user-specified record
62 outCredit.seekp( ( client.getAccountNumber() - 1 ) *
63 sizeof( ClientData ) );
Write ClientData object to
64 file at specified position.
65 // write user-specified information in file
66 outCredit.write(
67 reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
68 sizeof( ClientData ) );
69

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 49
70 // enable user to specify another account number
71 cout << "Enter account number\n? ";
Outline
72 cin >> accountNumber;
73 client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );
fig14_13.cpp
74
(4 of 4)
75 } // end while
76
77 return 0;
78
79 } // end main

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 50
Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end input)
? 37
Outline
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Barker Doug 0.00
Notice that accounts can be fig14_13.cpp
Enter account number
created in any order. output (1 of 1)
? 29
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Brown Nancy -24.54
Enter account number
? 96
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Stone Sam 34.98
Enter account number
? 88
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Smith Dave 258.34
Enter account number
? 33
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Dunn Stacey 314.33
Enter account number
? 0

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 51
14.10 Reading Data Sequentially from a
Random-Access File
• read - similar to write
– Reads raw bytes from file into memory
– inFile.read( reinterpret_cast<char *>( &number ),
sizeof( int ) );
• &number: location to store data
• sizeof(int): how many bytes to read
– Do not use inFile >> number with raw bytes
• >> expects char *
• Upcoming program
– Output data from a random-access file
– Go through each record sequentially
• If no data (accountNumber == 0) then skip

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 52
1 // Fig. 14.14: fig14_14.cpp
2 // Reading a random access file.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig14_14.cpp
5 using std::cout;
(1 of 3)
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::ios;
8 using std::cerr;
9 using std::left;
10 using std::right;
11 using std::fixed;
12 using std::showpoint;
13
14 #include <iomanip>
15
16 using std::setprecision;
17 using std::setw;
18
19 #include <fstream>
20
21 using std::ifstream;
22 using std::ostream;
23
24 #include <cstdlib> // exit protoyype
25 #include "clientData.h" // ClientData class definition
26

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 53
27 void outputLine( ostream&, const ClientData & );
28
Outline
29 int main()
30 {
fig14_14.cpp
31 ifstream inCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in );
(2 of 3)
32
33 // exit program if ifstream cannot open file
34 if ( !inCredit ) {
35 cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
36 exit( 1 );
37
38 } // end if
39
Read sizeof(ClientData) bytes and put
40 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 16 )
into object client. This may be an
empty
41 << "Last Name" << setw( 11 ) << "First Name" << left
42
record.
<< setw( 10 ) << right << "Balance" << endl;
43
44 ClientData client; // create record
45
46 // read first record from file
47 inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
48 sizeof( ClientData ) );
49

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 54
50 // read all records from file
51 while ( inCredit && !inCredit.eof() ) {
Outline
52
53 // display record Loop exits if there is an error fig14_14.cpp
54 if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 ) reading (inCredit == 0) (3 of 3)
55 outputLine( cout, client ); or EOF is found
56
(inCredit.eof() == 1)
57 // read next from file
58 inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
59 sizeof( ClientData ) );
60
Output non-empty accounts.
61 } // end while
62
Note that outputLine
63 return 0; takes an ostream argument.
64 We could easily output to
65 } // end main another file (opened with an
66 ofstream object, which
67 // display single record derives from ostream).
68 void outputLine( ostream &output, const ClientData &record )
69 {
70 output << left << setw( 10 ) << record.getAccountNumber()
71 << setw( 16 ) << record.getLastName().data()
72 << setw( 11 ) << record.getFirstName().data()
73 << setw( 10 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << fixed
74 << showpoint << record.getBalance() << endl;
75
76 } // end outputLine

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 55
Account Last Name First Name Balance
29 Brown Nancy -24.54
Outline
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
fig14_14.cpp
88 Smith Dave 258.34
output (1 of 1)
96 Stone Sam 34.98

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 56
14.11 Example: A Transaction-Processing
Program
• Instant access for bank accounts
– Use random access file (data in client.dat)
• Give user menu
– Option 1: store accounts to print.txt
Account Last Name First Name Balance
29 Brown Nancy -24.54
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98

– Option 2: update record

Enter account to update (1 - 100): 37
37 Barker Doug 0.00
 
Enter charge (+) or payment (-): +87.99
37 Barker Doug 87.99

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 57
14.11 Example: A Transaction-Processing
Program
• Menu options (continued)
– Option 3: add new record
Enter new account number (1 - 100): 22
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Johnston Sarah 247.45

– Option 4: delete record

Enter account to delete (1 - 100): 29
Account #29 deleted.

• To open file for reading and writing

– Use fstream object
– "Or" file-open modes together
fstream inOutCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::out );

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 58
1 // Fig. 14.15: fig14_15.cpp
2 // This program reads a random access file sequentially, updates
Outline
3 // data previously written to the file, creates data to be placed
4 // in the file, and deletes data previously in the file.
fig14_15.cpp
5 #include <iostream>
(1 of 14)
6
7 using std::cout;
8 using std::cerr;
9 using std::cin;
10 using std::endl;
11 using std::ios;
12 using std::left;
13 using std::right;
14 using std::fixed;
15 using std::showpoint;
16
17 #include <fstream>
18
19 using std::ofstream;
20 using std::ostream;
21 using std::fstream;
22
23 #include <iomanip>
24
25 using std::setw;
26 using std::setprecision;
27
28 #include <cstdlib> // exit prototype
29 #include "clientData.h" // ClientData class definition  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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 59
30
31 int enterChoice();
Outline
32 void printRecord( fstream& );
33 void updateRecord( fstream& );
fig14_15.cpp
34 void newRecord( fstream& );
(2 of 14)
35 void deleteRecord( fstream& );
36 void outputLine( ostream&, const ClientData & );
37 int getAccount( const char * const );
38
39 enum Choices { PRINT = 1, UPDATE, NEW, DELETE, END };
40 Open file for reading and
41 int main()
writing (fstream object
42 {
43 // open file for reading and writing
needed).
44 fstream inOutCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::out );
45
46 // exit program if fstream cannot open file
47 if ( !inOutCredit ) {
48 cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
49 exit ( 1 );
50
51 } // end if
52

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 60
53 int choice;
54
Outline
55 // enable user to specify action
56 while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != END ) {
fig14_15.cpp
57
(3 of 14)
58 switch ( choice ) {
59
60 // create text file from record file
61 case PRINT:
62 printRecord( inOutCredit );
63 break;
64
65 // update record
66 case UPDATE:
67 updateRecord( inOutCredit );
68 break;
69
70 // create record
71 case NEW:
72 newRecord( inOutCredit );
73 break;
74
75 // delete existing record
76 case DELETE:
77 deleteRecord( inOutCredit );
78 break;
79

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 61
53 int choice;
54
Outline
55 // enable user to specify action
56 while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != END ) {
fig14_15.cpp
57
Displays menu and returns (4 of 14)
58 switch ( choice ) {
59 user's choice.
60 // create text file from record file
61 case PRINT:
62 printRecord( inOutCredit );
63 break;
64
65 // update record
66 case UPDATE:
67 updateRecord( inOutCredit );
68 break;
69
70 // create record
71 case NEW:
72 newRecord( inOutCredit );
73 break;
74
75 // delete existing record
76 case DELETE:
77 deleteRecord( inOutCredit );
78 break;
79

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 62
80 // display error if user does not select valid choice
81 default:
Outline
82 cerr << "Incorrect choice" << endl;
83 break;
fig14_15.cpp
84
(5 of 14)
85 } // end switch
86
87 inOutCredit.clear(); // reset end-of-file indicator
88
89 } // end while
90
91 return 0;
92
93 } // end main
94
95 // enable user to input menu choice
96 int enterChoice()
97 {
98 // display available options
99 cout << "\nEnter your choice" << endl
100 << "1 - store a formatted text file of accounts" << endl
101 << " called \"print.txt\" for printing" << endl
102 << "2 - update an account" << endl
103 << "3 - add a new account" << endl
104 << "4 - delete an account" << endl
105 << "5 - end program\n? ";

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 63
106
107 int menuChoice;
Outline
108 cin >> menuChoice; // receive choice from user
109
fig14_15.cpp
110 return menuChoice;
(6 of 14)
111
112 } // end function enterChoice
113
114 // create formatted text file for printing
115 void printRecord( fstream &readFromFile )
Output to print.txt. First,
116 { print the header for the table.
117 // create text file
118 ofstream outPrintFile( "print.txt", ios::out );
119
120 // exit program if ofstream cannot create file
121 if ( !outPrintFile ) {
122 cerr << "File could not be created." << endl;
123 exit( 1 );
124
125 } // end if
126
127 outPrintFile << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 16 )
128 << "Last Name" << setw( 11 ) << "First Name" << right
129 << setw( 10 ) << "Balance" << endl;
130

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 64
131 // set file-position pointer to beginning of record file
132 readFromFile.seekg( 0 );
Outline
133
134 // read first record from record file Go to front of file, read
fig14_15.cpp
135 ClientData client; account data,(7and print record
of 14)
136 readFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ), if not empty.
137 sizeof( ClientData ) );
138
Note that outputLine
139 // copy all records from record file into text file
140 while ( !readFromFile.eof() ) {
takes an ostream object
141 (base of ofstream). It can
142 // write single record to text file easily print to a file (as in this
143 if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 ) case) or cout.
144 outputLine( outPrintFile, client );
145
146 // read next record from record file
147 readFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
148 sizeof( ClientData ) );
149
150 } // end while
151
152 } // end function printRecord
153

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 65
154 // update balance in record
155 void updateRecord( fstream &updateFile )
Outline
156 {
157 // obtain number of account to update
fig14_15.cpp
158 int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter account to update" );
(8 of 14)
159
160 // move file-position pointer to correct record in file
161 updateFile.seekg( This is fstream (I/O)
162 ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof(because we must
ClientData ) );read the old
163 balance, update it, and write
164 // read first record from file the new balance.
165 ClientData client;
166 updateFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
167 sizeof( ClientData ) );
168
169 // update record
170 if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 ) {
171 outputLine( cout, client );
172
173 // request user to specify transaction
174 cout << "\nEnter charge (+) or payment (-): ";
175 double transaction; // charge or payment
176 cin >> transaction;
177
178 // update record balance
179 double oldBalance = client.getBalance();
180 client.setBalance( oldBalance + transaction );
181 outputLine( cout, client );
182  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
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 66
183 // move file-position pointer to correct record in file
184 updateFile.seekp(
Outline
185 ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );
186
fig14_15.cpp
187 // write updated record over old record in file
(9 of 14)
188 updateFile.write(
189 reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
190 sizeof( ClientData ) );
191
192 } // end if
193
194 // display error if account does not exist
195 else
This is fstream because we
196 cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber
read to see if a non-empty
197 << " has no information." << endl;
198
record already exists. If not,
199 } // end function updateRecord we write a new record.
200
201 // create and insert record
202 void newRecord( fstream &insertInFile )
203 {
204 // obtain number of account to create
205 int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter new account number" );
206
207 // move file-position pointer to correct record in file
208 insertInFile.seekg(
209 ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );

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 67
210
211 // read record from file
Outline
212 ClientData client;
213 insertInFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
fig14_15.cpp
214 sizeof( ClientData ) );
(10 of 14)
215
216 // create record, if record does not previously exist
217 if ( client.getAccountNumber() == 0 ) {
218
219 char lastName[ 15 ];
220 char firstName[ 10 ];
221 double balance;
222
223 // user enters last name, first name and balance
224 cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
225 cin >> setw( 15 ) >> lastName;
226 cin >> setw( 10 ) >> firstName;
227 cin >> balance;
228
229 // use values to populate account values
230 client.setLastName( lastName );
231 client.setFirstName( firstName );
232 client.setBalance( balance );
233 client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );
234

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 68
235 // move file-position pointer to correct record in file
236 insertInFile.seekp( ( accountNumber - 1 ) *
Outline
237 sizeof( ClientData ) );
238
fig14_15.cpp
239 // insert record in file
(11 of 14)
240 insertInFile.write(
241 reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
242 sizeof( ClientData ) );
243
244 } // end if
245
246 // display error if account previously exists
247 else
248 cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber
249 << " already contains information." << endl;
250
251 } // end function newRecord
252

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 69
253 // delete an existing record
254 void deleteRecord( fstream &deleteFromFile )
Outline
255 {
256 // obtain number of account to delete
fig14_15.cpp
257 int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter account to delete" );
(12 of 14)
258
259 // move file-position pointer to correct record in file
260 deleteFromFile.seekg(
261 ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) ); fstream because we read to
262
check if the account exits. If it
263 // read record from file
does, we write blank data
264 ClientData client;
265
(erase it). If it does not exist,
deleteFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
266 sizeof( ClientData ) ); there is no need to delete it.
267
268 // delete record, if record exists in file
269 if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 ) {
270 ClientData blankClient;
271
272 // move file-position pointer to correct record in file
273 deleteFromFile.seekp( ( accountNumber - 1 ) *
274 sizeof( ClientData ) );
275

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 70
276 // replace existing record with blank record
277 deleteFromFile.write(
Outline
278 reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &blankClient ),
279 sizeof( ClientData ) );
fig14_15.cpp
280
(13 of 14)
281 cout << "Account #" << accountNumber << " deleted.\n";
282
283 } // end if
284
285 // display error if record does not exist
286 else
287 outputLine
cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber << is very
" is empty.\n";
288 flexible, and can output to any
289 } // end deleteRecord ostream object (such as a
290 file or cout).
291 // display single record
292 void outputLine( ostream &output, const ClientData &record )
293 {
294 output << left << setw( 10 ) << record.getAccountNumber()
295 << setw( 16 ) << record.getLastName().data()
296 << setw( 11 ) << record.getFirstName().data()
297 << setw( 10 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << fixed
298 << showpoint << record.getBalance() << endl;
299
300 } // end function outputLine
301

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 71
302 // obtain account-number value from user
303 int getAccount( const char * const prompt )
Outline
304 {
305 int accountNumber;
fig14_15.cpp
306
(14 of 14)
307 // obtain account-number value
308 do {
309 cout << prompt << " (1 - 100): ";
310 cin >> accountNumber;
311
312 } while ( accountNumber < 1 || accountNumber > 100 );
313
314 return accountNumber;
315
316 } // end function getAccount

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 72

14.12 Input/Output of Objects

• I/O of objects
– Chapter 8 (overloaded >>)
– Only object's data transmitted
• Member functions available internally
– When objects stored in file, lose type info (class, etc.)
• Program must know type of object when reading
– One solution
• When writing, output object type code before real object
• When reading, read type code
– Call proper overloaded function (switch)

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