Section 3: Lecture 1

Introduction to One-Dimensional
Compressible Flow

Anderson: Chapter 3 pp. 71-86

1
 Review, General Integral Form of
Equations of Compressible Flow
• Continuity (conservation of mass)

  
  
   V  ds    dv 
  t  
C.V c.v.

• Newton’s Second law-- Time rate of change of momentum

Equals integral of external forces

 
  
 dS
  fb dv    p dS   | f  dS | 
  SC.S.
C.V . C.S. C.S.

 V 
      
   ds V   t   V  dv
C.S. C.V .
2
 Review (concluded)
• Conservation of Energy--

   V 2
       V 2

  e 
t C.V .  
 dv    V • d S  e 
2   C.S.  2 
 

   
  • 

C.V .
(  f dv) • V   ( pd S ) • V     q dv
C.S. C.V .
   

3
 One Dimensional Flow Approximations
• Many Useful and practical Flow Situations can be
Approximated by one-dimensional flow analyses

• “Air-goes-in, Air-goes-out, or both”

4
 Control Volume for 1-D Flow

• Between C.V. entry (1) and exit (2), there could be

1) Normal Shock wave (supersonic engine duct),
2) Heat could be added or subtracted, (heat exchanger), or
3) There could we work performed (turbine element)

Flow Characterized by motion only along longitudinal axis

5
 Continuity for Steady 1-D Flow
• The general equation for Continuity greatly simplifies for
steady 1-D flow

  
  
   V  ds    dv 
  t  
C.S. c.v.

  V  ds   0
 

 
C.S.


6
 Continuity for Steady 1-D Flow (cont’d)
• Evaluating surface integral across the C.S.

  V  ds   0
 

 
C.S.

dS
 V
 

   ds  0 C.S.
dS  V
 
  VA
   ds
 e

 V
 
   VA dS
   ds
 i

 V
 

   ds   0
dS
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 Continuity for Steady 1-D Flow (concluded)
• For true 1-D flow Ae=Ai

 iVi  eVe
dS
 V
 

   ds  0 C.S.
dS  V
 
  VA
   ds
 e

 V
 
   VA dS
   ds
 i

 V
 

   ds   0
dS
8
 Momentum for Steady 1-D Flow
• General equation for Momentum greatly simplifies if we assume inviscid
Flow with no body forces


 
  
 dS
  fb dv    p dS   | f  dS | 
  SC.S.
C.V . C.S. C.S.

 V 
      
   ds V   t   V  dv
C.S. C.V .

  V  ds  V  
   

     p dS
C.S. C.S.
9
 Momentum for Steady 1-D Flow (cont’d)
• General equation for Momentum greatly simplifies if we assume inviscid
Flow with no body forces

• Evaluating momentum surface integral across the C.S.

dS
 V V  0
   C.S.
   ds

dS  V  V   V 2A
  

   ds
 e e e

 V  V   V 2A
   dS
   ds
 i i i

 V V  0
  

   ds

dS 10
 Momentum for Steady 1-D Flow (concluded)
• Evaluating pressure surface integral across the C.S.
Because of flow “symmetry” upper and lower flow surfaces
pressure forces “cancel out”

dS
C.S.

dS 
   p dS   pe Ae
V

 dS
   p dS  pi Ai

dS
• Summing up terms and once again enforcing, Ai = Ae

pi  iVi 2  pe  eVe 2 11
 Energy Equation for Steady 1-D Flow
• Assume no body forces, and steady flow

   V 2
       V 2

  e 
t C.V .  
 dv    V • d S  e 
2   C.S.  2 
 

   
  • 

C.V .
(  f dv) • V   ( pd S ) • V     q dv
C.S. C.V .
   

  •  •
• Let 
C.V .
   q  dv   Q

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 Energy Equation for Steady 1-D Flow (cont’d)
• Energy equation reduces to
•  
 V 2   
Q   ( pd S ) • V     e  V•d S
C.S. C.S. 
2 
• Evaluating
Surface Integrals dS  

 ( pd S ) • V  0
C.S.
C.S.

dS  
  ( pd S ) • V   peVe Ae
C.S.
V

  dS
  ( pd S ) • V  piVi Ai
C.S.
 

 ( pd S ) • V  0
C.S.

dS 13
 Energy Equation for Steady 1-D Flow (cont’d)
• Continuing with Surface Integrals
dS  V 2   
 e 
C .S. 
2 
S 0
 V • dC.S.

dS  V 2     Ve 2 
  e 
C.S. 
2
 V • d S  e  ee 
  2
 Ve • Ae

V

 V 2     Vi 2  dS
  e 
C .S. 
2 
 V • d S  i  ei 
 2 
 Vi • Ai

 V 2   
  e 
C.S. 
2 
V•d S  0
dS
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 Energy Equation for Steady 1-D Flow (cont’d)
• Collecting Terms and enforcing Ai=Ae=Ac

•
Q  Vi
2
  Ve
2

 piVi  i  ei   Vi  peVe  e  ee   Ve
Ac  2   2 

• Dividing thru by iVi

•
Q pi Vi 2 pe Ve 2
  ei    ee  
iVi Ac i 2 e 2
•
Q pi Vi 2 pe Ve 2
•   ei    ee 
m i 2 e 2
15
 Energy Equation for Steady 1-D Flow (concluded)
• Recalling from the basic thermodynamics lecture
(definition of Enthalpy)
p
h  e  pv  e 

• The energy equation for 1-D steady, inviscid flow becomes

2 2
• Vi Ve
q  hi   he 
2 2
•
Q •

• q
m 16
 1-D, Steady, Flow: Collected Equations
• Continuity

 iVi  eVe
• Momentum

 pi  iVi  pe  eVe
2 2

• Energy
• Vi 2 Ve 2
 q  hi   he 
2 2
17
 Mach Number: Revisited
• From the definition of cv

cv  c p  Rg 

 cp   cp 
cv  Rg   1  Rg   1 
 Rg   c p  cv 
 c p  c p  cv   cv   Rg 
Rg    Rg    
 c p  c v  c
 p  cv    1

18
 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
• Recall from the fundamental definition

V V
M 
c  RgT

• But if we take the ratio or kinetic to internal energy

Of a fluid element
2 2
V V
2  2 • calorically perfect gas

e cvT
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 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
• Then V2 V2 V2
2  2  2 
e cvT  Rg 
   1  T

V2
 2     1 V 2

   1 2
M
  Rg  2  RgT 2
   1  T

i.e. Mach number is a measure of the ratio of the fluid

Kinetic energy to the fluid internal energy (direct motion
To random thermal motion of gas molecules)

20
 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
• Look at the Steady Flow Energy equation With no heat addition

Vi 2 Ve 2 V2
hi   he  h  const
2 2 2

• Look at Differential form

 V 
2
d  h    0  dh  VdV  0
 2 

21
 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
• For a reversible process

Tds  dh  vdp
• With no heat addition, ds=0

dp
dh  vdp 

• Subbing into previous

dp   VdV (“euler’s equation”)

22
 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
• Now look at Continuity equation

iVi  eVe   AV  const

d  AV  d  dA dV
0  
 AV  A V
dp   VdV
• Substituting in Euler’s Equation
dp

d  dA V
  0
 A V
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 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
• Solving for dA/A
dA dp 1 d  dp  1 d  
    
A  V 2
  V 2
dp 
• But since we are considering a process with ds=0
d 1
 2
dp c
and …
dA dp  1

1 1 M 2 dp
 2  2  
A  V c V 2
• Substituting in Euler’s Equation dp   VdV

dA 1 M  2
 dV 
A

V 2
 VdV    
M2 1 
 V 
24
 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
• Rearranging gives the TWO relationships
Whose ramifications are fundamental to this class

 dV  1 V
  
dA 
M 1 A
2

dp 1 V 2

dA 
M 1 A
2

25
 Mach Number: Revisited (cont’d)
 dV  1 V
  
dA  
M2 1 A
dp 1 V 2

dA 
M2 1 A 

 dV   dp 
M 1   0  0
 dA   dA 
 dV   dp 
M 1   0  0
 dA   dA 

26
Fundamental Properties of Supersonic
and Supersonic Flow

27
 De Laval Nozzle (revisited)
High Pressure Inlet
pI pt pe
VI A I Ve
At Vt Ae

AI At Ae
  

• But De Laval Discovered that when the Nozzle throat

Area was adjusted downward until so that the pressure ratio
pt / pI < 0.5484 -> then the exit Pressure dropped dramatically
And the exit velocity rose significantly … Which is counter to
What Bernoulli’s law predicts … he had inadvertently
Generated supersonic flow! …

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