Lecture 5 Boilers and Fired Systems
Lecture 5 Boilers and Fired Systems
Lecture 5 Boilers and Fired Systems
Systems
Energy Conservation
Dr. Tanveer Iqbal
1
What is a Boiler?
2
Boilers
STEAM TO
EXHAUST GAS VENT
PROCESS
STACK DEAERATOR
PUMPS
ECO-
NOMI-
ZER
VENT
BOILER
BURNER
WATER
SOURCE
BLOW DOWN
SEPARATOR FUEL
BRINE
CHEMICAL FEED
SOFTENERS
3
Figure: Schematic overview of a boiler room
Types of Boilers
4
Fire Tube Boiler
5
Water Tube Boiler
6
Packaged Boiler
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Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC)
Boiler
8
Atmospheric Fluidized
Bed Combustion (AFBC)
Boiler
• Most common FBC boiler that
uses preheated atmospheric air
as fluidization and combustion
air
Pressurized Fluidized
Bed Combustion (PFBC)
Boiler
• Compressor supplies the forced
draft and combustor is a
pressure vessel
• Used for cogeneration or
combined cycle power
generation 9
Type of FBC Boilers
a) Spreader stokers
• Coal is first burnt in
suspension then in coal
bed
• Flexibility to meet load
fluctuations
• Favored in many
industrial applications
11
Stoke Fired Boilers
b) Chain-grate or traveling-grate stoker
User equipment
2. Circulated
to user 4. Fluid
equipment returned to
heater
Control
panel
Insulated
outer wall
1. Thermic
fluid heated Blower
motor
Exhaust
1. Boiler
2. Boiler blow down
3. Boiler feed water treatment
17
Boiler Performance
• Causes of poor boiler performance
- Poor combustion
- Heat transfer surface fouling
- Poor operation and maintenance
- Deteriorating fuel and water quality
18
Heat Balance
An energy flow diagram describes geographically
how energy is transformed from fuel into useful
energy, heat and losses
Stochiometric
Excess Air
Un burnt
Stack Gas
Heat Balance
Balancing total energy entering a boiler against the
energy that leaves the boiler in different forms
12.7 %
Heat loss due to dry flue gas
1.0 %
Heat loss due to radiation & other
unaccounted loss
73.8 %
Heat in Steam
20
Heat Balance
Goal: improve energy efficiency by reducing
avoidable losses
21
Boiler Efficiency
Thermal efficiency: % of (heat) energy input that is
effectively useful in the generated steam
22
Boiler Efficiency: Direct Method
Advantages
• Quick evaluation
• Few parameters for computation
• Few monitoring instruments
• Easy to compare evaporation ratios with
benchmark figures
Disadvantages
• No explanation of low efficiency
• Various losses not calculated
24
Boiler Efficiency: Indirect Method
Principle losses:
i) Dry flue gas
ii) Evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel
iii) Evaporation of moisture in fuel
iv) Moisture present in combustion air
v) Unburnt fuel in fly ash
vi) Unburnt fuel in bottom ash
vii) Radiation and other unaccounted losses
25
Boiler Efficiency: Indirect Method
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Boiler Efficiency: Indirect Method
Advantages
• Complete mass and energy balance for each
individual stream
• Makes it easier to identify options to improve
boiler efficiency
Disadvantages
• Time consuming
• Requires lab facilities for analysis
27
Boiler Blow Down
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Boiler Blow Down
Two types of blow down
• Intermittent
• Manually operated valve reduces TDS
• Large short-term increases in feed water
• Substantial heat loss
• Continuous
• Ensures constant TDS and steam purity
• Heat lost can be recovered
• Common in high-pressure boilers
29
Boiler Blow Down
Benefits
• Lower pretreatment costs
• Less make-up water consumption
• Reduced maintenance downtime
• Increased boiler life
• Lower consumption of treatment
chemicals
30
Boiler Feed Water Treatment
• Quality of steam depend on water
treatment to control
• Steam purity
• Deposits
• Corrosion
31
Assessment of a Boiler
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Boiler Feed Water Treatment
34
External Water Treatment
b) Demineralization
• Complete removal of salts
• Cations in raw water replaced with hydrogen ions
35
Assessment of a Boiler
36
External Water Treatment
Mechanical
Vent
de-aeration
Spray
Boiler Feed Nozzles • O2 and CO2 removed by
Water
Steam
heating feed water
Scrubber • Economical treatment
Section
(Trays) process
• Vacuum type can reduce
Storage
Section O2 to 0.02 mg/l
• Pressure type can
De-aerated
Boiler Feed reduce O2 to 0.005 mg/l
Water
( National Productivity Council) 37
External Water Treatment
Chemical de-aeration
• Removal of trace oxygen with scavenger
• Sodium sulphite:
• Reacts with oxygen: sodium sulphate
• Increases TDS: increased blow down
• Hydrazine
• Reacts with oxygen: nitrogen + water
• Does not increase TDS: used in high pressure
boilers
38
Assessment of a Boiler
• Reversed osmosis
• Higher concentrated liquid pressurized
• Water moves in reversed direction
39
Assessment of a Boiler
Semi Permeable 40
Membrane
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
1. Stack temperature control
2. Feed water preheating using economizers
3. Combustion air pre-heating
4. Incomplete combustion minimization
5. Excess air control
6. Avoid radiation and convection heat loss
7. Automatic blow down control
8. Reduction of scaling and soot losses
9. Reduction of boiler steam pressure
10. Variable speed control
11. Controlling boiler loading
12. Proper boiler scheduling
13. Boiler replacement
41
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Liquid Fuels
Furnace Oil 13.8 9-14
LSHS 14.1 9-14
44
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
47
Energy Efficiency Opportunities