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Mathematical Logic: Algebra and Geometry

The document discusses logic and truth tables. It introduces common logical connectives like conjunction ("and"), disjunction ("or"), implication, negation, biconditional, and provides their truth tables. It also gives examples of using these connectives and truth tables to prove different logical statements equivalent or not equivalent.

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167 views

Mathematical Logic: Algebra and Geometry

The document discusses logic and truth tables. It introduces common logical connectives like conjunction ("and"), disjunction ("or"), implication, negation, biconditional, and provides their truth tables. It also gives examples of using these connectives and truth tables to prove different logical statements equivalent or not equivalent.

Uploaded by

Peter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Algebra and Geometry

Mathematical Logic
Prof.Nashat Faried
http://e-learning.bue.edu.eg
Lecture 1: Logic. Truth Tables.
The truth table of the conjunction “ or “

AB={x : xA  xB} Notations:


There exists 
xAB is equivalent to xA  xB For all 
or 
xA xB x  AB

T T T
and 
implication 
T F T Negation 
F T T

F F F
The truth table of the conjunction “ or “

The truth table of the conjunction “ or “

p q p q

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
The truth tables of the conjunction “ and  “

We know that for subsets A and B:

AB={x : xA  xB}


Therefore xA  B is equivalent to xA  xB
p q p q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
The truth table for the implication 

AB is equivalent to xA  xB

xA xB AB


x T T T
B
x T F F
A F T T
F F T

A  B if and only if there is an element xA while xB


Examples
If I want to say that Paris is not contained in Africa it is
enough to show a place or a person in Paris but not in
Africa

Paris  Africa is equivalent to  xParis and xAfrica

A  B if and only if there is an element xA while xB


Examples
If I want to say that Egypt is not contained in Asia, the only
thing to do is to show a place in Egypt but not in Asia

x  Egypt x  Asia Egypt Asia


• x  Sainai T T T
• x  Cairo T F F
• x  Geddah F T T
• x  Paris F F T
The truth table for the implication

Truth table for the implication 


p q pq

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T P P
T F
F T

The truth table for the negation 


Examples

The truth table for the conjunction p q

p q p q qp (p q) (q  p)


T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T

p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Example

Prove that : p  q  (q ) (p)

p q pq q p ( q)  )  p)

T T T F F T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T
Example

Prove that :
p  q  (p )q

p q pq p (p) q

T T T F T

T F F F F

F T T T T

F F T T T
Example

Prove that : p  q  (q ) (p)  (p )q

p q pq ¬q ¬p (¬ q)  (¬ p)

T T T F F T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T
Example
Find the truth table for p (p  q(:
p q pq (p  q) p( p q)

T T T F F

T F T F F

F T T F T

F F F T T
Example
Construct a truth table for (p q)[( (p)r)  (q r) ]

p q r p (p)r q  r (p)r  q r p q
*
T T T F F T T T T
T T F F F F T T T
T F T F F F T T T
T F F F F F T T T
F T T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T T T
F F T T T F F F T
F F F T F F T F F

* = (p q)[( (p)r)  (q r) ]

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