SQL Server

Client Server architecture

Query
OLTP
Results
OLAP
Client SQL Server
Authentication modes

Windows Authentication
Mixed Authentication
System DataBases

Master DataBase:
The master database records all the system-level information
for a SQL Server system. This includes instance-wide
metadata such as logon accounts . Also, master is the
database that records the existence of all other databases
and the location of those database files and records

model DataBase:
is used as the template for all databases created on an
instance of SQL Server
System DataBases

Msdb DataBase
is used by SQL Server Agent for scheduling alerts and jobs
and by other features

TembDB
is used by SQL Server Agent for saving Temporary user
objects that are explicitly created, such as: global or local
temporary tables, temporary stored procedures, table
variables, or cursors
Introduction to
Transact-SQL
The Transact-SQL Programming Language

Implements Entry-Level ANSI SQL-92 ISO Standard

Contains Additional Unique Functionality
Types of Transact-SQL Statements

Data Definition Language Statements

Data Control Language Statements
Data Manipulation Language Statements
Data Definition Language Statements

Define the Database Objects

 CREATE object_name
 ALTER object_name
 DROP object_name
Data Control Language Statements

Set or Change Permissions

 GRANT
 DENY
 REVOKE
Data Manipulation Language Statements

USE DML Statements to Change Data or Retrieve

Information
 SELECT
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE
Comments

In-line Comments
Example
Example 11
SELECT productname
SELECT productname
,, (unitsinstock
(unitsinstock -- unitsonorder)
unitsonorder) --
-- Calculates
Calculates inventory
inventory
,, supplierID
supplierID
FROM
FROM products
products
GO
GO
Block Comments
Example
Example 33
/*
/*
This
This code
code retrieves
retrieves all
all rows
rows of
of the
the products
products table
table
and
and displays
displays the
the unit
unit price,
price, the
the unit
unit price
price increased
increased
by
by 10
10 percent,
percent, and
and the
the name
name of
of the
the product.
product.
*/
*/
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT unitprice,
unitprice, (unitprice
(unitprice ** 1.1),
1.1), productname
productname
FROM
FROM products
products
GO
GO
 Using the SELECT Statement

Select List Specifies the Columns

WHERE Clause Specifies the Condition Restricting the
Query
FROM Clause Specifies the Table

Partial Syntax

SELECT
SELECT [ALL
[ALL || DISTINCT]
DISTINCT] <select_list>
<select_list>
FROM
FROM {<table_source>}
{<table_source>} [,…n]
[,…n]
WHERE
WHERE <search_condition>
<search_condition>
 Specifying Columns

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT employeeid,
employeeid, lastname,
lastname, firstname,
firstname, title
title
FROM
FROM employees
employees
GO
GO

employeeid
employeeid lastname
lastname firstname
firstname title
title
11 Davolio
Davolio Nancy
Nancy Sales
SalesRepresentative
Representative
22 Fuller
Fuller Andrew
Andrew Vice
VicePresident,
President,Sales
Sales
33 Leverling
Leverling Janet
Janet Sales
SalesRepresentative
Representative
44 Peacock
Peacock Margaret
Margaret Sales
SalesRepresentative
Representative
55 Buchanan
Buchanan Steven
Steven Sales
SalesManager
Manager
66 Suyama
Suyama Michael
Michael Sales
SalesRepresentative
Representative
77 King
King Robert
Robert Sales
SalesRepresentative
Representative
88 Callahan
Callahan Laura
Laura Inside
InsideSales
SalesCoordinator
Coordinator
99 Dodsworth
Dodsworth Anne
Anne Sales
SalesRepresentative
Representative
 Using the WHERE Clause to Specify Rows

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT employeeid,
employeeid, lastname,
lastname, firstname,
firstname, title
title
FROM
FROM employees
employees
WHERE
WHERE employeeid
employeeid == 55
GO
GO

employeeid
employeeid lastname
lastname firstname
firstname title
title
55 Buchanan
Buchanan Steven
Steven Sales
SalesManager
Manager
Filtering Data

Using Comparison Operators

Using String Comparisons
Using Logical Operators
Retrieving a Range of Values
Using a List of Values as Search Criteria
Retrieving Unknown Values
 Using Comparison Operators

Example
Example 11
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT lastname,
lastname, city
city
FROM
FROM employees
employees
WHERE
WHERE country
country == 'USA'
'USA'
GO
GO

lastname
lastname city
city
Davolio
Davolio Seattle
Seattle
Fuller
Fuller Tacoma
Tacoma
Leverling
Leverling Kirkland
Kirkland
Peacock
Peacock Redmond
Redmond
Callahan
Callahan Seattle
Seattle
 This example retrieves the orderid and customerid columns
with order dates that are older than 8/1/96 from the orders
table.
USE northwind
SELECT orderid, customerid
FROM orders
WHERE orderdate < ’8/1/96’
GO
 Using String Comparisons

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT companyname
companyname
FROM
FROM customers
customers
WHERE
WHERE companyname
companyname LIKE
LIKE '%Restaurant%'
'%Restaurant%'
GO
GO

companyname
companyname
GROSELLA-Restaurante
GROSELLA-Restaurante
Lonesome
LonesomePine
PineRestaurant
Restaurant
Tortuga
TortugaRestaurante
Restaurante

Wild Cards: %, _ ,[] ,[^]

 Using Logical Operators

Example
Example 11
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT productid,
productid, productname,
productname, supplierid,
supplierid, unitprice
unitprice
FROM
FROM products
products
WHERE
WHERE (productname
(productname LIKE
LIKE 'T%'
'T%' OR
OR productid
productid == 46)
46)
AND
AND (unitprice
(unitprice >> 16.00)
16.00)
GO
GO

productid
productid productname
productname supplierid
supplierid unitprice
unitprice
14
14 Tofu
Tofu 66 23.25
23.25
29
29 Thüringer
ThüringerRostbratwurst
Rostbratwurst 12
12 123.79
123.79
62
62 Tarte
Tarteau
ausucre
sucre 29
29 49.3
49.3
 The following example retrieves products with product names that begin
with
the letter T or that have a product identification number of 46 and a price
greater than $16.00. Compare the query in Example 1 to that in Example 2.
Notice that because the expressions are grouped differently, the queries are
processed differently and return different result sets.
USE northwind
SELECT productid, productname, supplierid, unitprice
FROM products
WHERE (productname LIKE ’T%’)
OR (productid = 46 AND unitprice > 16.00)
 Retrieving a Range of Values

Example
Example 11
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT productname,
productname, unitprice
unitprice
FROM
FROM products
products
WHERE
WHERE unitprice
unitprice BETWEEN
BETWEEN 10
10 AND
AND 20
20
GO
GO

productname
productname unitprice
unitprice
Chai
Chai 18
18
Chang
Chang 19
19
Aniseed
AniseedSyrup
Syrup 10
10
Genen
GenenShouyu
Shouyu 15.5
15.5
Pavlova
Pavlova 17.45
17.45
Sir
SirRodney’s
Rodney’sScones
Scones 10
10
…… ……
 Using a List of Values as Search Criteria

Example
Example 11
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT companyname,
companyname, country
country
FROM
FROM suppliers
suppliers
WHERE
WHERE country
country IN
IN ('Japan',
('Japan', 'Italy')
'Italy')
GO
GO

companyname
companyname country
country
Tokyo
TokyoTraders
Traders Japan
Japan
Mayumi’s
Mayumi’s Japan
Japan
Formaggi
FormaggiFortini
Fortinis.r.l.
s.r.l. Italy
Italy
Pasta
PastaButtini
Buttinis.r.l.
s.r.l. Italy
Italy
 Retrieving Unknown Values

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT companyname,
companyname, fax
fax
FROM
FROM suppliers
suppliers
WHERE
WHERE fax
fax IS
IS NULL
NULL
GO
GO

companyname
companyname fax
fax
Exotic
ExoticLiquids
Liquids NULL
NULL
New
NewOrleans
OrleansCajun
CajunDelights
Delights NULL
NULL
Tokyo
TokyoTraders
Traders NULL
NULL
Cooperativa
CooperativadedeQuesos
Quesos‘Las
‘LasCabras’
Cabras’ NULL
NULL
…… ……
 Formatting Result Sets

Sorting Data
Eliminating Duplicate Rows
Changing Column Names
Using Literals
 Sorting Data

Example
Example 11
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT productid,
productid, productname,
productname, categoryid,
categoryid, unitprice
unitprice
FROM
FROM products
products
ORDER
ORDER BY
BY categoryid,
categoryid, unitprice
unitprice DESC
DESC
GO
GO

productid
productid productname
productname categoryid
categoryid unitprice
unitprice
38
38 Cote
Cotede
deBlaye
Blaye 11 263.5000
263.5000
43
43 Ipoh
IpohCoffee
Coffee 11 46.0000
46.0000
22 Chang
Chang 11 19.0000
19.0000
…… …… …… ……
63
63 Vegie-spread
Vegie-spread 22 43.9000
43.9000
88 Northwoods
NorthwoodsCranberry
CranberrySauce
Sauce 22 40.0000
40.0000
61
61 Sirop
Siropd'érable
d'érable 22 28.5000
28.5000
…… …… …… ……
 Eliminating Duplicate Rows

country
country
Australia
Australia
Brazil
Brazil
Example
Example 11 Canada
Canada
USE
USE northwind
northwind Denmark
Denmark
SELECT
SELECT DISTINCT
DISTINCT country
country Finland
Finland
FROM
FROM suppliers
suppliers France
France
ORDER
ORDER BY
BY country
country Germany
Germany
GO
GO Italy
Italy
Japan
Japan
Netherlands
Netherlands
Norway
Norway
Singapore
Singapore
Spain
Spain
Sweden
Sweden
UK
UK
USA
USA
Changing Column Names

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT firstname
firstname AS
AS First,
First, lastname
lastname AS
AS Last
Last
,employeeid
,employeeid AS
AS 'Employee
'Employee ID:'
ID:'
FROM
FROM employees
employees
GO
GO

First
First Last
Last Employee
EmployeeID:
ID:
Nancy
Nancy Davolio
Davolio 11
Andrew
Andrew Fuller
Fuller 22
Janet
Janet Leverling
Leverling 33
Margaret
Margaret Peacock
Peacock 44
Steven
Steven Buchanan
Buchanan 55
Michael
Michael Suyama
Suyama 66
Robert
Robert King
King 77
Laura
Laura Callahan
Callahan 88
Anne
Anne Dodsworth
Dodsworth 99
 Using Literals

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT firstname,
firstname, lastname
lastname
,'Identification
,'Identification number:',
number:', employeeid
employeeid
FROM
FROM employees
employees
GO
GO

First
First Last
Last Employee
EmployeeID:
ID:
Nancy
Nancy Davolio
Davolio Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 11
Andrew
Andrew Fuller
Fuller Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 22
Janet
Janet Leverling
Leverling Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 33
Margaret
Margaret Peacock
Peacock Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 44
Steven
Steven Buchanan
Buchanan Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 55
Michael
Michael Suyama
Suyama Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 66
Robert
Robert King
King Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 77
Laura
Laura Callahan
Callahan Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 88
Anne
Anne Dodsworth
Dodsworth Identification
IdentificationNumber:
Number: 99
Grouping and Summarizing
Data
 Listing the TOP n Values

Example
Example 11
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT TOP
TOP 55 orderid,
orderid, productid,
productid, quantity
quantity
FROM
FROM [order
[order details]
details]
ORDER
ORDER BY
BY quantity
quantity DESC
DESC
GO
GO
Example 2
Example 2
USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT TOP
TOP 55 WITH
WITH TIES
TIES orderid,
orderid, productid,
productid, quantity
quantity
FROM
FROM [order
[order details]
details]
ORDER
ORDER BY
BY quantity
quantity DESC
DESC
GO
GO
 Using the GROUP BY Clause
USE northwind USE northwind
SELECT productid, orderid SELECT productid
,quantity ,SUM(quantity) AS total_quantity
FROM orderhist FROM orderhist
GO GROUP BY productid
GO
productid
productid orderid
orderid quantity productid
quantity productid total_quantity
total_quantity
11 11 55 11 15
15
11 11 10
10 22 35
Only rows that 35
22 11 10
10 satisfy the WHERE 33 45
clause are grouped 45
22 22 25
25
productid
productid total_quantity
total_quantity
33 11 15
15
22 35
35
33 22 30
30
USE northwind
SELECT productid
,SUM(quantity) AS total_quantity
FROM orderhist
WHERE productid = 2
GROUP BY productid
GO
 Using the GROUP BY Clause with the HAVING Clause

USE northwind USE northwind

SELECT productid, orderid SELECT productid, SUM(quantity)
,quantity AS total_quantity
FROM orderhist FROM orderhist
GO GROUP BY productid
HAVING SUM(quantity)>=30
GO
productid
productid orderid
orderid quantity
quantity
11 11 55
11 11 10
10 productid
productid total_quantity
total_quantity
22 11 10
10 22 35
35
22 22 25
25 33 45
45
33 11 15
15
33 22 30
30
Joining Multiple Tables
Using Inner Joins

Example
Example 11

USE
USE northwind
northwind
Select
Select categoryname,productname
categoryname,productname
From
From categories
categories inner
inner join
join products
products
On
On categories.categoryid
categories.categoryid == products.categoryid
products.categoryid
GO
GO
Using Outer Joins

Example
Example 11

Select
Select companyname,orderdate
companyname,orderdate
From
From customers
customers left
left outer
outer join
join orders
orders
On
On customers.customerid
customers.customerid == orders.customerid
orders.customerid
GO
GO
Using Cross Joins

Example
Example 11

Select suppliers.companyname,shippers.companyname
From suppliers cross join shippers
Joining More Than Two Tables

Example
Example 11

Select
Select productname,orderdate
productname,orderdate
From
From products inner
products inner join
join [order
[order details]
details]
On
On products.productid=[order details]. productid
products.productid=[order details]. productid
Inner
Inner join
join orders
orders
On
On [order
[order details].orderid=
details].orderid= orders.orderid
orders.orderid
Where orderdate=‘7/8/96’
Where orderdate=‘7/8/96’
GO
GO
Joining a Table to Itself

Example
Example 33

Select mgr.empname,e.empname
From emp as mgr inner join emp as e
On mgr.empid= e.supervisor
Combining Multiple Result Sets

Use the UNION Operator to Create a Single Result Set from

Multiple Queries
Each Query Must Have:
 Similar data types
 Same number of columns
 Same column order in select list

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT (firstname
(firstname ++ '' '' ++ lastname)
lastname) AS
AS name
name
,city,
,city, postalcode
postalcode
FROM
FROM employees
employees
UNION
UNION
SELECT
SELECT companyname,
companyname, city,
city, postalcode
postalcode
FROM
FROM customers
customers
GO
GO
Modifying Data
 Inserting a Row of Data by Values

Must Adhere to Destination Constraints or the

INSERT Transaction Fails
Use a Column List to Specify Destination Columns
Specify a Corresponding List of Values

USE
USE northwind
northwind
INSERT
INSERT customers
customers
(customerid,
(customerid, companyname,
companyname, contactname,
contactname, contacttitle
contacttitle
,address,
,address, city,
city, region,
region, postalcode,
postalcode, country,
country, phone
phone
,fax)
,fax)

VALUES
VALUES ('PECOF',
('PECOF', 'Pecos
'Pecos Coffee
Coffee Company',
Company', 'Michael
'Michael Dunn'
Dunn'
,'Owner',
,'Owner', '1900
'1900 Oak
Oak Street',
Street', 'Vancouver',
'Vancouver', 'BC'
'BC'
,'V3F
,'V3F 2K1',
2K1', 'Canada',
'Canada', '(604)
'(604) 555-3392'
555-3392'
,'(604)
,'(604) 555-7293')
555-7293')
GO
GO
 Inserting a Row of Data by Values

Must Adhere to Destination Constraints or the

INSERT Transaction Fails
Use a Column List to Specify Destination Columns
Specify a Corresponding List of Values

USE
USE northwind
northwind
INSERT
INSERT customers
customers
(customerid,
(customerid, companyname,
companyname, contactname,
contactname, contacttitle
contacttitle
,address,
,address, city,
city, region,
region, postalcode,
postalcode, country,
country, phone
phone
,fax)
,fax)

VALUES
VALUES ('PECOF',
('PECOF', 'Pecos
'Pecos Coffee
Coffee Company',
Company', 'Michael
'Michael Dunn'
Dunn'
,'Owner',
,'Owner', '1900
'1900 Oak
Oak Street',
Street', 'Vancouver',
'Vancouver', 'BC'
'BC'
,'V3F
,'V3F 2K1',
2K1', 'Canada',
'Canada', '(604)
'(604) 555-3392'
555-3392'
,'(604)
,'(604) 555-7293')
555-7293')
GO
GO
Using the INSERT…SELECT Statement

All Rows That Satisfy the SELECT Statement Are Inserted

Verify That the Table That Receives New Row Exists
Ensure That Data Types Are Compatible
Determine Whether Default Values Exist or Whether Null
Values Are Allowed

USE
USE northwind
northwind
INSERT
INSERT customers
customers
SELECT
SELECT substring(firstname,
substring(firstname, 1,
1, 3)
3)
++ substring
substring (lastname,
(lastname, 1,
1, 2)
2)
,lastname,
,lastname, firstname,
firstname, title,
title, address,
address, city
city
,region,
,region, postalcode,
postalcode, country,
country, homephone,
homephone, NULL
NULL
FROM
FROM employees
employees
GO
GO
Creating a Table Using the SELECT INTO Statement

Use to Create a Table and Insert Rows into the Table

in a Single Operation
Create a Local or Global Temporary Table
Create Column Alias or Specify Column Names in the
Select List for New Table

USE
USE northwind
northwind
SELECT
SELECT productname
productname AS
AS products
products
,unitprice
,unitprice AS
AS price
price
,(unitprice
,(unitprice ** 1.1)
1.1) AS
AS tax
tax
INTO
INTO #pricetable
#pricetable
FROM
FROM products
products
GO
GO
 Using the DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement removes one or more rows in a

table according to the WHERE clause condition, if specified
Each Deleted Row Is Logged in the Transaction Log

USE
USE northwind
northwind
delete
delete emp
emp where
where empname=‘heba’
empname=‘heba’
GO
GO
Deleting Rows Based on Other Tables

delete [order details]

from orders as o inner join [order details]as od
on o.orderid=od.orderid
where orderdate='4/7/98'
Updating Data

USE
USE northwind
northwind
UPDATE
UPDATE products
products
SET
SET unitprice
unitprice == (unitprice
(unitprice ** 1.1)
1.1)
GO
GO
Updating Rows Based on Other Tables

update products
set unitprice =unitprice+2
from products inner join suppliers
on products.supplierid=suppliers.supplierid
where country='usa'
Ex: Create Database

create database test

on primary
(
name='test_data',
filename='e:\test.mdf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb
)
log on
(
name='test_log',
filename='e:\test.ldf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb
)
Transaction Logging

Data
Datamodification
modificationisis
1 sent
sentby
byapplication
application
Modification
Modificationisisrecorded
recorded
3 inintransaction
Buffer transactionlog
logon
ondisk
disk
Cache

Disk

Data
Datapages
pagesare
arelocated
locatedin,
in, Disk
2 or
orread
readinto,
into,buffer
buffercache
cache
and
andmodified
modified
Checkpoint
Checkpointwrites
writes
4 committed
committedtransactions
transactions
totodatabase
database

Tip: Place log on separate drive for performance

Creating Secondary Files

create database test

on primary
(
name='test_data',
filename='d:\test.mdf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb
),

(
name='test_sec',
filename='d:\test.ndf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb

)
log on
(
name='test_log',
filename='d:\test.ldf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb
)
Creating Filegroups

What Are Filegroups?

When to Create File groups
Practice: Creating File groups
When to Create Filegroups

Use multiple files in a single filegroup for performance

Use multiple filegroups to control data placement

Creating File Groups

create database test

on primary
(
name='test_data',
filename='d:\test.mdf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb
),
filegroup fg1
(
name='test_sec',
filename='d:\test.ndf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb

)
log on
(
name='test_log',
filename='d:\test.ldf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb
)
Adding Objects To File Groups

create table emp

(empID int ,
empName varchar(50))
on fg1
Modifying File Groups:
alter database test
modify filegroup fg1 default

Adding File Groups to an existed DataBase:

alter database test

add filegroup fg2
Adding Secondary files to file groups:

alter database test

add file
(
name='test_sec2',
filename='d:\test2.ndf',
size=10mb,
filegrowth=10%,
maxsize=40mb
)
to filegroup fg2
Practice: Creating Filegroups

In this practice, you will:

Create a filegroup by using SQL Server
Management Studio
Create a filegroup by using Transact-SQL
Lesson 3: Creating Schemas

What Are Schemas?

How Object Name Resolution Works
Practice: Creating a Schema
What Are Schemas?

Namespaces for database objects

Person

Contact
(Server1.AdventureWorks.Person.Contact)
Sales

Customer
(Server1.AdventureWorks.Sales.Customer)
dbo

ErrorLog AdventureWorks
(Server1.AdventureWorks.dbo.ErrorLog)
Advantage of schema

Greater flexibility when organizing database objects into

namespaces, because the grouping of objects into schemas
does not depend on object ownership.
Simpler permission management, because permission can
be granted at the schema scope as well as on the individual
objects.
Improved manageability, because dropping a user does not
necessitate the renaming of all objects that the user owns.
How Object Name Resolution Works

Person
SELECT * FROM Contact
Lance
(Default schema = Person)
Contact

SELECT * FROM Person.Contact

Sales

SELECT * FROM ErrorLog

Anders SELECT * FROM Contact

(Default schema = Sales)
dbo

ErrorLog
What Are System-Supplied Data Types?

Category Data types

Integer int 4bytes, bigint 8 bytes, smallint 2bytes, tinyint 1byte
Exact decimal, numeric ( 38 digits after the decimal point)
Numeric
Approximate Float(15), real(7) digits after the decimal point
Monetary Money(8), smallmoney(4) digits after the decimal point
Date and time Datetime (milliseconds), smalldatetime(minutes)
Char (0-8000 chars), varchar (0-8000 chars)
Non-Unicode
Character , text (0-2GB)
Unicode Nchar(0-4000 chars), nvarchar(0-4000)
Image image
Global identifier uniqueidentifier
XML xml
Special bit
What Are Alias Data Types?

Based on system-supplied types

Used for common data elements with a specific
format
Created by using the CREATE TYPE statement

CREATE TYPE dbo.StateCode

FROM char(2)
NULL
• Create a database called “test” with 2 a file groups called
“F1”&”F2” on different hard disk drives(D:/ and e:/)

• Create an alias data type called “mydatatype” that is DateTime ,

not null.

• Create a table called “Orders” contains “Order_ID” as a primary

key int, “Order_Date” which uses the alias data type,
“Customer_Name” with type varchar(50). the table itself will be
on file group “F2”).