TALL STRUCTURES

AND IS16700 - 2017

Presented by:
Soham trivedi(159013)
Sagar variya(159015)
 Prashant kanzariya(159003)
Guided by : Dr. D. R. Panchal
Mr. Sanket Darji
Mr. Dishant Prajapati
 Index
1) Tall structure
2) Introduction to Is 16700:2017
3) Scope of code
4) Classification of tall building structural system
5) Height Limit for Structural Systems
6) Slenderness Ratio
7) Aspect Ratio, Storey Stiffness and Strength
8) Lateral Drift
9) Modes of vibration
10) Openings in Diaphragms
11) Seismic- Min Base Shear Coefficient
12) Modeling
13) Backstay effect
14) Foundation

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 Tall structure
o Introduction and definition

- The definition of tall building

is subjective, there is no absolute
definition of what constitutes a
tall buildings.

- If building can be considered as

subjectively relevant to one or more
of the below categories, then it can
be considered as tall building;
1)Height relative to context
2)Proportion
3)Embracing technologies

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o Height relative to context
- A 14-storey building may not be considered a tall a tall building in a high-rise
city ,but in small town this may be distinctly taller than the urban norm.

o proportion
 If any building slender enough to give appearance of a tall building.
Conversely , there are numerous big/large-foot print buildings that are quite
high, but their size/floor area rules them out being classed as a tall building


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o Technologies relevant to tall building
-A building containing technologies which may be attributed as being a product
of tall building.

Building classification
height
>50m Tall building

>100m skyscraper
>300m Super tall
>600m Mega tall.

[defined by Council On Tall Buildings

And Urban Habitat ] 5
 Demand for tall buildings

o Scarcity of land
o Increasing demand for business and residential space
o Economic growth
o Technological advancement
o Innovations in structural systems
o Human aspiration to build higher and great.

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 Tall building trends in recent time

o A composite tall building

utilizes a combination of both
Steel and concrete acting
Compositely in the main
Structural elements.
o A mixed structure utilizes
Distinct steel or concrete
Systems above o below each
Other.

[structural material usage from 1930 ]

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 Structural concerns

o The primary structural skeleton

of a tall building can be visualized
as a cantilever beam with its base
fixed in the ground.
o Structure has to carry ;
-vertical gravity loads
[caused by dead & live load]
-lateral wind loads
-earthquake loads.

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-Lateral loads tends to snap the building or topple it. The building must therefore
have adequate shear and bending resistance
-as same have vertical load carrying capacity.
So , for tall building have to concern every effect very particular and design as
a very important structure.

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 Introduction to Is 16700:2017

o This is the first code for concrete tall buildings in India.

o This standard has been formulated to comprehensively address the special

issues associated with the design of reinforced concrete tall buildings.

o whose design is governed not just by structural safety aspects, but also by
serviceability aspects, and under the various load conditions.

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 Scope of code

oThis standard is applicable for RC buildings of height >50m & ≤250m.

 
o Prescriptive Approach.
– Prescribes applicability of structural systems for building height, building
aspect ratio, permissible modes of vibration, wind effects testing, soil
investigations, foundations ….
• But..
– Buildings not conforming to code may use Performance Based Approach–
requires review by State-appointed Review Committee as per Annexure A

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 Scope of the code

o General requirements including;

1. height limitations of different structural systems
2. elevation and plan aspect ratios
3. lateral drift
4. storey stiffness and strength
5. density of buildings
6. modes of vibration
7. floor systems
8. Materials
9. progressive collapse mechanism;

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o Code specially guide for,

- Wind and seismic effects ,

- Cracked and uncracked properties of concrete members for analysis,

- Foundation issues,

- Structural health monitoring,

- The software for structural analysis and modelling of building

- Guidelines for Approval Process for code exceeding buildings,

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Classification of tall building structural system

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 Structural systems and subsystems
1)Structural wall systems
-A structural system comprising inter-connected structural walls.
-vertical and lateral loads are resisted by the wall through axial loads ,
in-plane bending moment and shear force.

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2)Moment frame system.
-A structural system comprising (beam-column) frames and resisting the
vertical and lateral loads.

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3)Moment Frame- structural wall system
-A structural system comprising (beam-column) frames and structural walls
resisting the vertical and lateral loads.
- The relative share of the lateral load resisted between these systems is
dependent on their relative lateral stiffness

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4)Structural Wall System with Flat Slab Floor System
. -A structural system comprising structural walls, a beam-less floor system ,
and columns resisting the vertical and lateral loads.

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5)Core and Outrigger System
-The core element is connected to select perimeter column element(s)
(often termed outrigger columns) by beam elements, known as outriggers

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6)Core, Outrigger and Belt Wall System
-outrigger column(s) is linked to the adjacent columns by deep beam
elements (often known as belt truss), typically at the same level as the
outrigger elements

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7)Framed and Tube System
-System comprising
closely spaced columns
and deep beams in the
perimeter frame for
efficient tube action.

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8)Tube in Tube System
- A structural system,
which is an extension
of the tube structure

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9)multiple-tube systems.
-here multiple tubes to
be connected together.
-lateral stiffness is
enhanced.

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 Height Limit for Structural Systems

o The maximum building height (in m) shall not exceed values given for buildings
with different structural systems

Si Seismic Structural System

No zone Moment Structural Wall Structural Structural Structural
Frame Wall Wall+ Wall
Located Well +Moment Perimeter +Framed
at core Distributed Frame Frame Tube

1) V NA 100 120 100 120 150

2) IV NA 100 120 100 120 150
3) III 60 160 200 160 200 220
4) II 80 180 220 180 220 250
[Maximum values of height, H above top of base level of buildings with
different structural systems] (Clause 5.1.1)

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 Slenderness Ratio

o The maximum values of the ratio of height to minimum base width B shall not exceed
values given.

Si Seismic Structural System

no. zone Moment Structural Wall Structural Structural Structural
Frame Wall Wall Wall
+Moment +Perimet +Framed
Located Well Frame er Frame Tube
at core Distributed

1) V NA 8 9 8 9 9
2) IV NA 8 9 8 9 9
3) III 4 8 9 8 9 10
4) II 5 9 10 9 10 10

[maximum slenderness ratio (Ht/Bt)] (Clause 5.1.2)

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 Aspect Ratio, Storey Stiffness and Strength

o Plan Aspect Ratio

- The maximum plan aspect ratio Lt/Bt<5.0 of the overall building.
where, Lt=length of the tower above podium level.
Bt=width of the tower above podium level.
o Storey Stiffness and Strength
- Lateral translational stiffness of any storey >70% of that of the storey
above
- Lateral translational strength of any storey >that of the storey above.
(*Relaxation from IS 1893)

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 Lateral Drift

o Storey drift
- It is defined as ratio of displacement
of two consecutive floor to height of
that floor.
=[(δ2-δ1)/hi]

-For working load condition

(unfactored load condition)
= hi /500
-For a single storey the drift
limit may be relaxed to
=hi/400.  
-For earthquake load (factored)
combinations
= hi/250
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 Modes of vibration

o Natural modes of vibration

Tn<0.9Tnx , 0.9Tny
Tn<8sec
Where Tn= natural period of fundamental torsional mode of vibration
Tnx,Tny=natural period of fundamental translational modes of vibration.
[ Follows IS 1893-2016 definition of torsionally irregular building;
(Natural Period T corresponding to Tn > Tnx, Tny )]

o No of modes consider is such that 90% mass of structure system included

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 Floor Systems

o All floor slabs shall be cast in-situ.

o For precast floor systems ;
a minimum screed of ,
Seismic Zones III, IV and V= 75 mm ( concrete with reinforcing mesh)
Seismic Zone II=50mm

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 Openings in Diaphragms

o Openings
Minimum width of floor slab >5 m.
Minimum width of the slab beyond opening to edge of slab >2 m.
Cumulative width of the slab at any location >50% floor width.

b1 A1+A2<30%
b1>2 m
b2 A1 b1+b3>0.5(b1+b2+b3)
b1+b3>5m

b3
A2

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 Vertical Acceleration
o Under gravity loads, the peak vertical acceleration at any vibration
frequency of any floor shall not exceed values .

Si no Use Peak Acceleration at

any Excitation
Frequency(m/s2)

1) Residential 0.05
2) Office 0.05
3) Mercantile 0.18

[permissible maximum vertical floor acceleration (clause5.6.4)]

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 Materials

o concrete
Minimum grade -M 30.
Maximum grade - M 70.
For higher grades check min crushing compression strain > 0.002.

o Reinforcing Steel
-No lapping of bars shall be allowed in RC columns
and walls, when d ≥16mm
- Mechanical coupler is used for d ≥16mm.

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 Wind effects

o Wind Tunnel studies for Buildings with

1) Height >150 m,
2) Complexities in plan or elevation geometry,
3) sited on complex topography with group
effect or interference effect
(existing and future potential),
4) Tn> 5 s,
o Min design wind shears and moments -higher of
1) wind tunnels studies
2) 70% of that derived based on IS 875 (Part 3), and Wind
distribution as per wind tunnel study
o Tensional velocity below 0.003 rad/s for 10 year return period.
The damping ratio <2%

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 Lateral Acceleration

o From serviceability considerations, under standard wind loads with return

period of 10 years, the maximum structural peak combined lateral
acceleration a in max the building for along and across wind actions at any
floor level shall not exceed values given in Table , without or with the use
of wind dampers in the building.

Building Use Maximum Peak Combined Acceleration

(m/s2)

Residential 0.15
Mercantile 0.25

[permissible peak combined acceleration] (Clause 6.2.3)

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 Seismic- Min Base Shear Coefficient

 Same as IS 1893 Part I except for heights >200m

SI NO Building Seismic Zone

Height(H)
II III IV V

1) H≤120m 0.7 1.1 1.6 2.4

2) H≥200m 0.5 0.75 1.25 1.75
Minimum Design Base Shear Coefficient(Clause 6.3.3)

 For building of intermediate height in the range 120m-200m

linear interpolation shall be used

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 Methods of structural analysis
o Considerations
  - Rigid end offsets of linear members in the joint region, when centerline
modeling is adopted;

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o Floor diaphragm flexibility, as applicable
o Cracked cross sectional area properties as per Table
o P-Δ effects.

SI Structural Un factored loads Factored loads

NO. Element
Area Moment Area Moment
of Inertia of
Inertia

1) Slabs 1.0Ag 0.35Ig 1.0Ag 0.25Ig

2) Beams 1.0Ag 0.7Ig 1.0Ag 0.35Ig
3) Columns 1.0Ag 0.9Ig 1.0Ag 0.70Ig
4) Walls 1.0Ag 0.9Ig 1.0Ag 0.70Ig

[cracked RC section properties](Clause 7.2)

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 Modeling

o lumped modelling - frame element modelling

o distributed modelling -finite element modelling

&combination of the two

o In-plane stiffness of floor slabs shall be modelled

o Buildings may be considered to be fixed at their bases for determining

lateral effects on buildings

o Multiple towers connected by a single podium shall be modelled

separately and integrally.

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 Backstay effect
o In estimation of backstay effect;

load paths

direct load path Backstay load path

1)Direct load path: where overturning resistance is provided by the tower

elements and foundation directly beneath the tower.
2)Backstay load path : where overturning resistance provided by in-plane
forces in the backstay elements (lower floor diaphragm and perimeter
walls).

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 Buildings on podiums

1)Single tower system

2)Multiple towers systems

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 Buildings on podiums & back-stay
o To be designed max forces derived from sensitivity analysis (analysis using
upper and lower bound cracked section ratios of slab at backstay level and one
below of 0.5 and 0.15).

o For plan irregularity as per Table 5 of IS 1893 (Part 1) of Type I, Type II Type
IV seismic forces shall be amplified by a factor of 1.5 in the design of
Connections of diaphragms to vertical elements and to collectors; and collectors
and their connections

o For irregularity of Type III (diaphragm discontinuity)seismic forces to be

amplified by an over-strength factor of 2.5.

o Backstay diaphragm floor min 150mm thick, with two curtains of vertical and
horizontal reinforcements min 0.25% r in each direction

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o Towers connected by common podium
 Buildings to be modeled as separate towers as well as integral towers.
The podium design for worst case of the two
 Natural period (for calculation of base shear) to be based on individual
building model
 In integral tower modeling;
Response spectrum distribution of overturning moments may be used and to
be scaled to equivalent static seismic forces

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 Structural walls.

o Min thickness of structural wall 160 mm or hi/20, whichever is larger.

o Opening in structural walls
– Ignore opening if size < 800 mm or one-third length of wall, whichever is
lesser, in height or length.
– For coupling beams, the opening size <1/3 height or length of beam and in
middle third height
– All sides of the opening to be strengthened with additional reinforcement

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 Foundation

According to clause 9.2,

FOS=1.5 shall be provided against overturning and sliding under,
1) unfactored design wind and gravity loads
2) 2.5 times design earthquake load and unfactored gravity loads.

B
0m
~3

For geotechnical investigation, boreholes shall 

Depth of Bore hole ≥ 1.5B in Soil

≥ 30 m in Rock

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 Depth of Foundation

D=1/15 H for raft foundation

D=1/20 H for pile and piled raft  foundation (excluding pile length).
But, this requirement may be relaxed, 
a)when the foundation rests on hard rock; or 
b)when there is no uplift force

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 Non-structural elements
1. Acceleration-sensitive NSEs
2. Deformation-sensitive NSEs,
3. Acceleration-and-deformation-sensitive NSEs.

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o allow the relative displacements imposed at the ends by the load effects
imposed on the NSE.

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 Annex -A

o What happens to “code-exceeding” buildings??

-guidelines for approval process for design of code–exceeding concrete

tall buildings
-To be actioned by local municipal bodies.

Annex-B

- That elaborates the specifications of clause 5.7.1.2 for use of concrete in tall
building.

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 Thank you
Thank you

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