Lecture 5_6

Data communication and

networking
BY
MUHAMMAD AFZAL
 OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally
recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for
operating system involved in networking functions.
7. Application Layer Away
6. Presentation Layer Pizza
5. Session Layer Sausage
4. Transport Layer Throw
3. Network Layer Not
2. Data Link Layer Do
1. Physical Layer Please
OSI Model – Upper Layers
The top three layers of the OSI model are often referred to as
the upper layers:
• Layer-7 - Application layer
• Layer-6 - Presentation layer
• Layer-5 - Session layer
Protocols that operate at these layers manage application-level
functions, and are generally implemented in software.
Application Layer
This layer provides the interface between the user application
and the network. A web browser and email client are example
of app. Layer.
The user application itself does not reside at the application
layer- the protocol does. The user interacts with the application
which in turn interacts with the application protocol.
Examples
FTP- via FTP client
HTTP- via web browser
POP3 and SMTP, via an email client
Telnet
App layer

The Application layer provides a variety of functions:

• Identifies communication partners
• Determines resource availability
• Synchronizes communication
The Application layer interacts with the Presentation layer
below it. As it is the top-most layer, it does not interact with
any layers above it.
LAYER 6 – The
PRESENTATION Layer
 The Presentation layer (Layer-6) controls the
formatting and syntax of user data for the application
layer. This ensures that data from the sending
application can be understood by the receiving
application.
 Standards have been developed for the formatting of
data types, such as text, images, audio, and video.
Examples of Presentation layer formats include:
 • Text - RTF, ASCII, EBCDIC
 • Images - GIF, JPG, TIF
 • Audio - MIDI, MP3, WAV
 • Movies - MPEG, AVI, MOV
Cont’

If two devices do not support the same format or syntax, the

Presentation layer can provide conversion or translation
services to facilitate communication.
Additionally, the Presentation layer can perform encryption and
compression of data, as required. However, these functions can
also be performed at lower layers as well. For example, the
Network layer can perform encryption, using IPSec
LAYER 5 – The SESSION Layer

The Session layer (Layer-5) is responsible for establishing,

maintaining, and ultimately terminating sessions between
devices. If a session is broken,this layer can attempt to recover
the session.
Sessions communication falls under one of three categories:
• Full-Duplex – simultaneous two-way communication
• Half-Duplex – two-way communication, but not simultaneous
• Simplex – one-way communication
Session Layer

Many modern protocol suites, such as TCP/IP, do not

implement Session layer protocols. Connection management is
often controlled by lower layers, such as the Transport layer.
The lack of true Session layer protocols can present challenges
for high availability and failover.
OSI Model- The Lower Layers

 The bottom four layers are referred to as the lower layers

• Layer-4 – Transport layer
• Layer-3 – Network layer
• Layer-2 – Data-Link layer
• Layer-1 – Physical layer
Protocols that operate at these layers control the end-to-end
transport of data between devices, and are implemented in
both software and hardware.
LAYER 4 – The TRANSPORT Layer

 Manages the transmission of data across a network

 This layer is responsible for the reliable transfer of
data, by ensuring that data arrives at its destination
error-free and in order.
 Transport layer communication falls under two
categories:
• Connection-oriented – requires that a connection with
specific agreed-upon parameters be established
before data is sent.
• Connectionless – requires no connection before data
is sent.
LAYER 3 – The NETWORK Layer

The Network layer (Layer-3) controls internetwork

communication, and has two key responsibilities:
• Logical addressing – provides a unique address that identifies
both the host, and the network that host exists on.
• Routing – determines the best path to a particular destination
network, and then routes data accordingly.
LAYER 2 – The DATA LINK Layer

 While the Network layer is concerned with transporting

data between networks, the Data-Link layer (Layer-2) is
responsible for transporting data within a network.
 Handles special data frames between the Network layer
and the Physical layer
 At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data from the
physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network
layer
 At the sending end this layer handles conversion of data
into raw formats that can be handled by the Physical Layer
LAYER 1 – The PHYSICAL Layer

 Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages

 Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages
 This layer manages the interface between the the computer
and the network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)
 This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media
attachment unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs,
modems, etc.)) what needs to be sent across the medium
 The bottom layer of the OSI model
 The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Summary
Encapsulation

 As data is passed from the user application down the virtual

layers of the OSI model, each layer adds a header (and
sometimes a trailer) containing protocol information
specific to that layer. These headers are called Protocol Data
Units (PDUs), and the process of adding these headers is
called encapsulation.
Transport layer protocol such as TCP will add a header
containing flow control, port numbers, and sequencing. The
Network layer header contains logical addressing information,
and the Data-link header contains physical addressing and
other hardware specific information.
Transport  Segments
Network  Packets
Data-Link  Frames
Physical  Bits
Networking devices-Hub
Networking Devices-Switch
Router
What is TCP/IP? 22

• TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating

computers to share resources across a network
• TCP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol”
• IP stands for “Internet Protocol”
• They are Transport layer and Network layer protocols respectively
of the protocol suite
• The most well known network that adopted TCP/IP is Internet –
the biggest WAN in the world
Why TCP/IP is so popular? 23

The Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the research

branch of the U.S. Department of Defense, created the TCP/IP
model in the 1970s for use in ARPANET, a wide area network
that preceded the internet. TCP/IP was originally designed for the
Unix operating system, and it has been built into all of the
operating systems that came after it.
 TCP/IP Model 24

• Because TCP/IP was developed earlier than the OSI 7-

layer mode, it does not have 7 layers but only 4 layers
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

FTP, SMTP, Telnet, HTTP,…

TCP, UDP
IP, ARP, ICMP
Network Interface
 Layer-1 Application Layer
26

• Application layer protocols define the rules when

implementing specific network applications
• Rely on the underlying layers to provide accurate and
efficient data delivery
• Typical protocols:
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• For file transfer
• Telnet – Remote terminal protocol
• For remote login on any other computer on the network
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• For mail transfer
• HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• For Web browsing
 27

Layer-2 Transport Layer

Message
Application
Segments

Transport h M h M h M
Internet
Network Interface
TCP and UDP 28

TCP – Transmission Control Protocol

• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
• Does not mean it has a physical connection between sender
and receiver
• TCP provides the function to allow a connection virtually
exists – also called virtual circuit
• TCP provides the functions:
• Dividing a chunk of data into segments
• Reassembly segments into the original chunk
• Provide further the functions such as reordering and data
resend
• Offering a reliable byte-stream delivery service
 29

Layer-3 Network Layer

Message
Application
Segments

h M h M h M
Transport
Network h h M h h M h h M
Network Interface Datagrams / Packets
 30

Network Addresses and Subnets

• A header is added to each segment in the Network
layer
Total
Length

Time to Protocol Header

Live CheckSum
3 IP Source Address
Segment Destination Address

Segment
 31

Layer-4 Data Link and Physical Layers

Message
Application
Segments

h M h M h M
Transport
Network h h M h h M h h M
Packets
Network Interface
h h h M h h h M
Frames
Concept

 OSI: Open Systems  TCP/IP: Transport Control

Interconnection. It was Protocol/Internet Protocol.
developed by ISO as a first TCP is used in connection
step toward international with IP and operates at the
standardization of the transport layer. IP is the
protocol used in various set of convention used to
layers. It deals with pass packets from one
connecting open system. host to another.
Difference

 OSI makes the distinction  TCP/IP does not originally

between services, clearly distinguish between
interfaces, and protocol. services, interface, and
protocol.
 The OSI model was
devised before the  TCP/IP model was just a
protocols were invented. It description of the existing
can be made to work in protocols. The model and
diverse heterogeneous the protocol fit perfectly.
networks.
Difference
(continue)
 The OSI model supports  The TCP/IP model has
both connectionless and only one mode in the
connection-oriented network layer
communication in the (connectionless) but
network layer, but only supports both modes in the
connection-oriented transport layer, giving the
communication in the user choice.
transport layer.
Difference
(continue)
 OSI emphasis on providing  TCP/IP treats reliability as
a reliable data transfer an end to end Problem.
service, Each layer of the The transport layer
OSI model detects and handles all error detection
handles errors, all data and recovery, it was
transmitted includes checksums,
checksums. The transport acknowledgments, and
layer checks source- timeouts to control
destination reliability. transmissions and provides
end-to-end verification.
Difference
(continue)
 Host on OSI  TCP/IP hosts participate in
implementations do not most network protocols.
handle network operations.