College of Science
Department of Computer
Programing Fundamentals (Java)
First Stage
Prepared by:
Ari M.Saeed
2018 - 2019
Operators and Operands
• An operation is an action performed on one or more values.
• The symbol used in an operation is called an operator.
• A value involved in an operation is called an operand.
int a = 1;
int b = 3;
int c = a + b;
a, b, c: are operands.
= , + are operators.
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The Arithmetic Operators
The Java programming language provides operators that
perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Operators Precedence
+ Additive operator (also used for String
concatenation)
- Subtraction operator
* Multiplication operator
/ Division operator
% Remainder operator
The only symbol that might look new is "%", which divides
one operand by another and returns the remainder as its result.
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Arithmetic Operations
int x = 9, y = 2;
int result = x % y;
System.out.println("result = "+result);
The output is:
result = 1
You can also combine the arithmetic operators with the simple
assignment operator to create compound assignments.
For example:
x+=1;
x=x+1;
Both increment the value of x by 1.
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Arithmetic Operations
The + operator can also be used for concatenating (joining)
two strings together, as shown in the following:
String firstString = "How ";
String secondString = "are you?";
String thirdString = firstString + secondString;
System.out.println(thirdString);
The variable thirdString contains " How are you?"
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Operators and Operands
• Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before
operators with relatively lower precedence.
• When operators of equal precedence appear in the same
expression, a rule must govern which is evaluated first.
• All binary operators except for the assignment operators
are evaluated from left to right.
• Assignment operators are evaluated right to left.
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Assignment Operator
Assignment operator : Assign the value on its right to the
operand on its left. It is denoted by the symbol “=”.
The assignment operator statement has the syntax as shown
below:
int distance = 0;
int radius = 2;
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Unary Operators
The unary operators require only one operand, they perform
various operations such as incrementing/decrementing a value
by one, negating an expression, or inverting the value of a
boolean.
Operators Precedence
+ Unary plus operator, indicates positive value
(numbers are positive without this,
however)
- Unary minus operator; negates an
expression
++ Increment operator, increments a value by 1
-- Decrement operator, decrements a value by
1
! Logical complement operator, inverts the
value of a boolean
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Unary Operators
class PrePostDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int i = 3;
i++;
// prints 4
System.out.println(i);
++i;
// prints 5
System.out.println(i);
// prints 6
System.out.println(++i);
// prints 6
System.out.println(i++);
// prints 7
System.out.println(i);
}}
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Unary Operators
In the first usage “variable_name++”, the current
statement will be executed at first. Then the value of the
variable will be incremented by 1. Then the next statement
will be executed.
In the second usage “++variable_name”, the value of the
variable will be incremented by 1 at first. Then the
current statement will be executed. Then the next
statement will be executed.
Tips: For decrement is also similar to what we have already
seen for increment operators.
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Equality and Relational Operators
The equality and relational operators determine if one operand is
greater than, less than, equal to, or not equal to another operand.
Operators Use Description
> valu1 > value2 value1 is greater than value2
>= valu1 > = value2 value1 is greater than or equal to value2
< valu1 < value2 value1 is less than value2
<= valu1 < = value2 value1 is less than or equal to value2
== valu1 = = value2 value1 and value2 are equal
!= valu1 ! = value2 value1 and value2 are not equal
Tips: Keep in mind that you must use "==", not "=", when testing if
two primitive values are equal.
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Conditional Operators
Conditional operators are used to evaluate a condition that's
applied to one or two boolean expressions.
The result of the evaluation is either true or false.
Condition Operator Example
int i = 2;
If one condition AND another condition && int j = 8;
((i <1) && (j>6))
int i = 2;
If either one condition OR another int j = 8;
||
ondition ((i<1) || (j>=10))
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Conditional Operators
Another conditional operator is ? :
This operator is also known as the ternary operator because
it uses three operands.
This operator should be read as: "If result is true, assign the
value of salary1 to result. Otherwise, assign the value
of salary2 to result.“
int myAge= 18;
int yourAge= 19;
int selectAge;
selectAge = myAge < yourAge? myAge : yourAge;
System.out.println(selectAge);
This program prints 18 to the screen because result is true.
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Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
~ Unary bitwise complement
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed right shift
>>> Unsigned right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
| Bitwise inclusive OR
Example:
int a = 38;
int b = 23;
~a = -39
a^b=49
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Expressions
An expression is a construct made up of variables, operators,
and method invocations.
Expressions are constructed according to the syntax of the
language, that evaluates to a single value, For Example:
int employee = 44;
System.out.println(“Expressions “);
int instances = 1 + 2;
The Java allows you to construct compound expressions from
various smaller expressions.
For example:
3*5*2
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Ambiguous and unambiguous Expressions
The order of expression is evaluated is unimportant because the
result of multiplication is independent of order. For example:
2 * 3 * 4
The outcome is always the same, no matter in which order you
apply the multiplications.
This is not true of all expressions, For example:
The following expression gives different results, depending on
whether you perform the addition or the division operation first:
x + y / 100 // ambiguous
To specify exactly how an expression will be evaluated using
balanced parenthesis (). For example:
(x + y) / 100 // unambiguous, recommended
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Ambiguous and unambiguous Expressions
Operators that have a higher precedence get evaluated first.
For example, the division operator has a higher precedence
than does the addition operator.
Therefore, the following two statements are equivalent:
x+ y / 100
x + (y / 100) // unambiguous, recommended
When writing compound expressions, be explicit and
indicate with parentheses which operators should be
evaluated first.
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Statements
Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural
languages.
A statement forms a complete unit of execution.
The following types of expressions can be made into a
statement by terminating the expression with a semicolon (;).
Result = 8933.234; // assignment statement
result++; // increment statement
System.out.println("Hello World!"); // method invocation
statement
Bicycle myBike = new Bicycle(); // object creation statement
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Statements
There are two other kinds of statements:
• Declaration statements.
• Control flow statements.
Double avalue = 8933.2; // Declaration statement
Finally, control flow statements regulate the order in which
statements get executed.
You'll learn about control flow statements in the next section
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Blocks
A block is a group of zero or more statements between
balanced braces and can be used anywhere a single
statement is allowed. The following example, Block
class, illustrates the use of blocks:
class BlockIllustration{
public static void main(String[] args){
{ //block start
int var = 20;
var++;
System.out.println(var);
} //block end
}
}
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Exercises 1
• What is ternary operator? Explain with example.
• Write a program to explain Signed left shift and Signed right shift.
• In the following program, clarify the value of variable c:
class Postfixprefix {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 15;
int b = 10;
int c = a % b;
c++;
++c;
c--;
System.out.println(c);
}}
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Exercises 2
• Write a java program to convert temperature in degree
Celsius to Fahrenheit and degree Kelvin.
• F= (C * 9/5) + 32
• F= (K - 273.15) * 9/5 + 32
• Fahrenheit (F), Celsius (C or o), Kelvin (K).
• Write a java program to find the area of this Triangle.
Area = ½ × b × h
h
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References
Java in a Nutshell, 6th Edition, By David Flanagan,2015
Introduction to programing with java, John S.Dean,2008
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial
http://www.vogella.com
http://journals.ecs.soton.ac.uk/java/tutorial
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