Advanced Transport Phenomena

Module 2 Lecture 8
Conservation Equations: Across Discontinuities,
Turbulent Flows & Multiphase Flows

Dr. R. Nagarajan

Professor

Dept of Chemical Engineering

IIT Madras
Conservation Equations: Across Discontinuities,
Turbulent Flows & Multiphase Flows

2
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q '''= 0

J.W. Gibbs thermodynamic interrelations:

1 N
Tds  de  pd     ˆ i d i
   i 1
or
1 N
Tds  dh    dp   ˆ i d i
 i 1
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q '''= 0
CONTD…
In continuum flow:

T
Ds De
 p
     ˆ D
D 1 N

i
i
Dt Dt Dt i 1 Dt
and

Ds Dh 1 Dp N Di
T     ˆ i
Dt Dt  Dt i 1 Dt

4
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q '''= 0
CONTD…
We can then derive:

 i1 i ˆi
N ''
q '' j
j  
''
s
T T

or, for a thermodynamically ideal mixture:

  ''  1
N N
1 R
js   q   ji hi    ji  si 
'' '' ''
.ln 
T i 1  i 1   M i  yi 
si

5
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q ''' = 0
CONTD…
The product of local absolute temperature and
entropy production rate:
 '' N ''   grad T 
Ts '''   T:grad v    q   ji hi  .  
 i 1  T 
N N
  ji'' .  gradT ˆ i  g i    ri ''' ˆ i
i 1 i 1

6
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q ''' = 0
CONTD…
These results imply that:
 Both energy & species diffusion contribute to diffusive
flux of entropy;
 Local entropy production rate, which must be positive
or zero, receives additive contributions from diffusion
of:
 Momentum,

 Energy,

 Mass, and

 Non-equilibrium chemical reactions.

7
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q ''' = 0
CONTD…
 When steady boundary conditions are imposed, fluids tend
towards a particular non-equilibrium steady state
 Prigogine et al. (1961): fluids will seek a steady state for which
volume integral of (that is,s 

 s dV )
V
is a minimum compared to all otherwise eligible “neighboring”
steady states compatible with same boundary conditions.
 Principle of “minimum entropy production”

8
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q ''' = 0
CONTD…
Minimum entropy production principle can only be
satisfied if:
 q '''= 0
Momentum, energy, mass diffusion flux vs

driving force and chemical kinetic laws are

linear.

9
 EXPLICIT FORM OF DIFFERENTIAL
ENTROPY BALANCE WHEN q ''' = 0
CONTD…
Transport coefficients appearing in these
constitutive laws are constants.
Nonlinear convective terms are absent or
negligible (e.g., as in “creeping” flow, Re << 1)

Many engineering systems do not satisfy these

conditions, especially last two.

10
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES

For a CV which is moving with respect to both

the fluid and fixed space:
e.g., space between two turbine (rotor) blades.

e.g., CV straddling a thin premixed flame

propagating across an engine cylinder.

11
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…

Net convective outflow = Relative velocity X area

element n dA,

where Relative velocity vrel  v – vCS

Net convective outflow calculated relative to an

observer moving with the local CS-element

12
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
Pillbox CV straddling a thin fluid dynamic
discontinuity
Total mass balance:

  v rel  .n     v rel .n   0


where n  and n  are unit outward normal vectors

in + and – sides of interface, resp.,

13
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
In the thin discontinuous limit, the two are equal.

Hence:


 v  
rel   v rel 
  .n  0

[vrel] = “jump” in vrel across interface, that is, jump

operator:

       
14
MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
then, mass conservation at an interface can be
restated as:

  vrel  .n  0
that is, neither  nor v rel .n  needs to be continuous
across an interface, only their product– mass flux
''
m
15
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
“Jump” condition on chemical species:

m . i     ji  .n   ri
 ''
 ''
  ''

“Jump” condition on chemical element:

   '' 
m .  k    j k  .n 
''
   

16
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…

Common application:

At a fluid/catalyst interface

In the absence of net interfacial mass transfer (

) m  0
''


 ji''  .n   ri ''  i  1, 2,...., N 

17
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
Implications:

 Instantaneous production rate of chemical species i

per unit area of interface must be balanced by net

diffusional outflow of that species from pillbox CV.
 Normal component of diffusion flux of each chemical

element k must be continuous across the interface.

18
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…

“Jump” condition for momentum:

Normal component:

m . vrel,n     p     T .n  n
''


 Of use in treating normal shock waves and

detonations in the absence of viscous stress
effects.

19
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…

Tangential component:

m . vrel,t     T .n   t
''


vrel ,t  = velocity “slip”

20
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
“Jump” condition for energy:

In terms of total enthalpy ho e+ (p/) + (v2/2):

m . h0   q ''  q '' .n   T.v  .n   p  vCS ,n

 ''

I term on RHS: radiative contributions to/ from interface

II term on RHS: jump in normal component of material

phase energy flux vector

21
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…

Common degenerate form of energy jump

''
condition: q
n is continuous for a phase boundary
without mass transfer and radiative loss.

22
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
“Jump” condition for entropy:

m . s     js  .n   s ''
''

 ''

Clausius’ inequality for an interface: s ''  0 , or:

m . s    j  .  0
''

''
s,n

23
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
 Discontinuities are not prohibited within continuum

framework
 Flow can be treated as piecewise continuous
 Field variables “jump” to satisfy fundamental
conservation principles.
 Interface is a 2D phase that separates adjacent 3D
phases.

24
 MOVING CV’S & “JUMP” CONDITIONS
ACROSS DISCONTINUITIES CONTD…
 In most general form, interfacial phase balance
equations should allow:
 Accumulation

 Net tangential outflow by convection

 Net tangential inflow by diffusion

25
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH

 Definition of turbulent fluid flow:

 All local field densities undergo temporal fluctuations

about some (time-averaged) values.

 Spatial correlation lengths (“eddy scales”) are
sufficient to ensure validity of continuum assumption
 Fluctuations on a very fine temporal & spatial scale

 => completely deterministic description not possible

26
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
Reynolds: relevant info can be extracted if we time-
average conservation equations
 Instruments only read this anyway!

 Approach reveals cause(s) of turbulent

enhancement of transport, novel features attributed
to turbulence (augmentation of kinetic source,
dissipation of KE into heat, etc.)

27
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
Case-Study: axial momentum transfer due to radial convection

vz = axial momentum per unit mass

vr = mass flux across r = constant surfaces

Corresponding momentum flux = vr vz

Let vr , vz fluctuate, but  be constant. Then, at each instant &

point:

28
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

vr  vr  v ,
'
r

vz  vz  v ,
'
z
where overbar denotes time-averaged (mean)
value and prime denotes fluctuations.

29
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
Time-averages of fluctuations vanish =>

v  0,
'
r v 0 '
z

Time-average of axial momentum transfer due to

radial convection

 vr vz    vr  v
'
r v z  v    vr v z   v v
'
z
' '
r z

30
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
Last term on RHS is non-zero as a result of time-

correlation between vr- and vz- fluctuations at the point.

 This “additional” momentum transfer (over & above

that associated with mean motion) causes apparent

non-Newtonian behavior of Newtonian fluids in
steady turbulent flow

31
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
In cylindrical polar coordinates, turbulent time-
average flow is governed by an additional local
stress, Reynolds’ Stress, with components:
   vr' vr'  v v' '
r   v v 
' '
 r z

   v' vr'   v' v'   v' vz' 
 
   vz' vr'  v v' '
  vz vz 
' '
 z 

32
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

t  effective turbulent viscosity

Not a simple fluid property

Simple constitutive law not available

Predictive ability for turbulent flows severely

limited, even in a time-averaged sense

33
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

34
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
Favre averaging:

All fluid mechanical quantities (except pressure)

are mass averaged.

Favre-averaged velocity:

v   v


35
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
Velocity fluctuations about this mean velocity are
then considered.
Instantaneous local velocity
v  v+v''
v''  0,but  v''  0
Time-average linear momentum flux
    v''  v''
vv
36
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
TURBULENT FLOWS: REYNOLDS’ TIME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

v.v  v  v '  .  v  v '  v.v v ' .v '

  
2 2 2 2
I term on RHS: KE per unit mass associated with
time-averaged motion

II term on RHS = kt = mechanical KE per unit mass

associated with local turbulence

37
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH
Consider second (‘dispersed’) phase a component
of the mixture
 e.g., soot-laden combustion gas in a large furnace

 Soot is an aggregate of carbonaceous particles,

25 nm in diameter
 Can be considered high-MW “gas”

38
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH

Approach cannot be used if dispersed phase has

high inertia
e.g., fuel-oil spray burning in swirling air

 Droplets between 10-100 m in dia

39
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH

Continuum equations can still apply in each

phase, but each droplet & its surroundings
cannot be tracked.
Solution: “Volume-Averaging” of equations
governing each phase.

40
CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH

41
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR MULTIPHASE
FLOWS: VOLUME-AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

In such flows, typically:

1/ 3
l  d p  N p  L

that is, individual particle sizes and average inter-

particle distances are very small on the scale of
overall flow field.

42
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

P = Actual property of phase  at a point

(α)
P = volume-averaged property near each
point.
 1
P  . P dV
V V

43
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

Averaging volume large compared to Np-1/3, small

compared to L
(α)
 P insensitive to V for volumes in this size
range.

44
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

PDE’s governing volume-averaged fields contain

two new features:

1. Source terms arising from interchange of

mass, momentum, energy & entropy between

the phases across common interfacial area
within averaging volume.

45
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…
2. Spatial correlation terms involving volume-
averages of second-order terms (e.g., products)
 Price paid for micro scale information lost
while volume-averaging.

46
 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR
MULTIPHASE FLOWS: VOLUME-
AVERAGING APPROACH CONTD…

Most challenging: turbulent multiphase flows

Involve both time-averaging & volume-

averaging.
Forefront of mathematical modeling in
chemically reacting flow systems.

47