INGRESS AND EGRESS OF THE FIFTY THOUSAND

WORSHIPPERS AT THE KINGDOME AT

ANY SPECIFIC TIME

SPECIAL PROBLEM REPORT

Submitted to

The Faculty of the Graduate School

University of Mindanao

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the

Degree Master of Engineering

Submitted by:

Engr. Nestor V. Obciana

November 2009
 Approval Sheet
This technical paper entitled “Ingrees and Egress of the Fifty Thousand
Worshippers at the Kingdome at Any Specific Time”, prepared and submitted by Engr.
Nestor V. Obciana, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in Civil
Engineering, has been examined and is hereby recommended for acceptance and approval.

ENGR. THERESALINA K. GONZAGA

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Appproved by the Panel of Examiners with a grade of PASSED.

DR. CARMENCITA E. VIDAMO

Registrar

ENGR. CHARLITO L. CAÑESARES, ME ENGR. ESTHER CONSUELO C. TAN. EE

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in Civil
Engineering.

ENGR. CHARLITO L. CAÑESARES, ME

Program Head
 Acknowledgment
The researcher wishes to extend his most profound gratitude to the following
persons who in various ways, inspired / encouraged him to pursue and finish
this challenging undertaking:
1.Reverend Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy, Chairman and Founding President of
Jose Maria College, for his compassion, inspiration and sustained support and
encouragement, thus, providing enthusiasm on the researcher to
conceptualize design and perform this undertaking;
2.Madam Ingrid C. Canada, College Director of JMC for her unceasing support
and compassion providing the researcher with the energy to pursue and finish
this work;
3.Madam Nelia Q. Canada, School Administrator of the College, for
recognizing the innate potentials of the researcher thus providing him the
opportunity to pursue graduate studies and this modest effort;
4.Engr. Theresalina Gonzaga, my adviser for her compassionate and
intelligent interventions that made this work a final reality;
5.Dr. Romulo A. Ramirez, the Research Director of Jose Maria College, for his
sincerest assistance / consultancy in the completion of this work;
6.To the members of the Panel for providing the most essential perceptions /
inputs thus making this work an intellectual output; and
7.To all who in ways more than one extended assistance / help to the
Researcher towards the completion of this undertaking.
 Abstract
This undertaking has conceived/designed and done in order to put in place a very
functional, practical and safe system and process of moving people (worshippers)
in and out of the new Cathedral considering / assessing the “INGRESS AND
EGRESS” of the Fifty Thousand (50,000) worshippers at the “Kingdome” at any
specific time.
Henceforth, it was executed to have as profile of the “Ingress” and “Egress”
process of worshippers at the new Kingdome and correspondingly establishing a
procedure/system for crowd safety within a large public area.
It is also established flow simulation tools and techniques to determine people
flow/movement through crowd modeling for emergencies, and consequently
defined guidelines, embedded in the design of the Cathedral for the “ingress” and
“egress” of approximately Fifty Thousand (50,000) people.
Subsequently, this particular effort showed that:
That a crowd incident monitoring system is necessary;
That familiarity with construction and finishing processes are of vital importance;
That the design, geometry of the site affect the “ingress” and “egress” of people
in the area;
That determining the capacity flow and floor area affect the movement of people;
That a temporary refuge area is direly necessary to respond to emergencies; and
That a functional traffic, horizontal and channel transport systems are necessary
to deter accidents and of lives.
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem and Its Setting

Background of the Study

Crowds, or large concentrations of people, occur frequently in

modern society. A major sporting or entertainment event can
attract 70,000 avid fans. Large transportation terminals such as
New York Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station
accommodate 200,000 –passengers each week day. The former
New York World Trade Center Office and retail complex was
reported to have up to 50,000 employees and 80,000 daily
visitors. Two transit stations were within the complex, and three
other transit stations were nearby. More than 1 million spectators
view the annual Tournament of Roses parade along a 9 km (5.5
mi.) route in Pasadena, California.
Usually these large gatherings of people occur without serious
problems. Occasionally the combination of inadequate facilities
and deficient crowd management results in injury and death.
The fundamental principle for safety in built environment is to
endure that the occupants in a building are safe during
emergency events as well as the normal conditions. The
contributions of architects and civil engineers for disaster
management can have various approaches from producing
short-term solutions (such as providing emergency shelters for
the victims, design and construction of short-term housing), to
long term actions for future developments (such as building
new disaster resistant buildings or rebuilding damaged
structures after the formal assessment of damage in the built
environment) (Brown and Downey, 2006).
Safety issues considered in designing buildings, sites and
venues can be listed as but not limited to layout, way finding,
crowd flow, segregation systems, construction systems and
materials and communication. Fulfillment of building code
requirements for these issues is not an assurance to efficient
functioning of buildings during everyday use and emergency
situations (Fruin, 1993). Over-reliance on standards may limit
the designers to fully express their design ideas or to develop
better design solutions for special cases. This over-reliance
may also create a danger by limiting their responsibility,
causing idleness by letting them avoid some design issues
because they are not stated in standards or codes of practice
(Hale, et. Al, 2007).
Within this context, this research intends to contribute to
mitigation against impacts of extreme events focusing on
dynamic building information associated with safety and
security issues.
Hence it is the aim of this researcher to help enhance safety
and security through the improved design of the built
environment to better cope with extreme events; and study
crowd behavior in emergency situations in order to develop
guidelines for the design and refurbishment of large
circulation areas.
Statement of the Problem
This work has been conceived and designed in order to put
in place a very functional, practical and safe system and
process of moving people (worshippers) in and out of the
new Cathedral by considering / assessing the “INGRESS
AND EGRESS” of the Fifty Thousand Worshippers at the
Kingdome at any Specific Time.
Specifically, however, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the “Ingress” and “Egress” process of

worshippers at the new Kingdome as perceived by
planners/designers and the researcher?
2. What are the requirements and procedures for crowd safety
during emergencies, and building design information,
guidelines and standards used when designing new buildings
for safety within large public areas?
3. What processes are in place in relation to people flow
simulation tools and techniques to establish their
suitability for use within the context of crowd modeling
for emergency events as well as in normal conditions?
4. What are the defined guidelines that specify improved
designs that ensure better safety of users during
emergency events and at normal conditions within large
public spaces such as Cathedrals?
5. What specific aspects are embedded in the design of
the Cathedral used for the ingress and egress of 50,000
worshippers at a very limited time?
 Significance of the Study

This study when done / completed will be highly significant to the

following:

1. Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy, the highly placed benefactor /

authority / pastor of the Kingdom 0f Jesus Christ because
this work would provide him with the fullest information / data
/ perception and functional perspective as to the systems /
processes involved in the construction / utilization of the
Kingdome in relation to the safety of people getting in and
out of the Kingdome as an alternate of their attendance in the
worship celebration for the Father through the Appointed Son
at any desired / appointed time for the purpose.
2. The Planners / Policymakers because it will give the best
available data relevant to decision making specially in the
overall perception / perspective of the project so that they
could support towards the construction / realization of the
project more specially to cost and related materials / needs
for the undertaking.
3. The Engineers, the directly concerned professionals who
eventually execute the actual construction / completion
process/s of the project with extreme focus / consideration on
the moving of worshippers “in” and “out” of Kingdome as a
consequence of worship.
4. The Worshippers, the actual users of the Kingdome during
worship celebrations and whose safety in the process of
getting in and out of the Kingdome. His undertaking puts a
very heavy weight and concern due to their formidable size /
number estimated / pegged at Fifty Thousand (50,000) on
the average.
 Scope and Delimitation

This undertaking is solely focused / limited in

studying the “INGRESS” and “EGRESS” system / process
of people / worshippers estimated at Fifty Thousand
attending worship and related events at the Kingdome of
the Kingdom of Jesus Christ estate at barangay Catitipan,
Davao City.
 Organization of the Study
The written component of this undertaking is divided into
Four (4) chapters, namely:

Chapter I. Introduction / The Problem and Its Setting

Chapter II. Methodology

Chapter III. Related Literature

Chapter IV. Presentation and Findings of the Study

Chapter V. Conclusions / Recommendations / References

 Chapter II
Methodology
Gathering of Data

This study / effort is undertaken through the following

methodology and data gathering process.

1. Time Study on Motion / movement of People / objects from

the point of origin to the point of destination using the
following modes:

a. People getting in and out of elevators.

For this effort, we observed the motion of people getting in

and out of elevators at the following places:
a.1. Davao Doctors Hospital

a.2. Davao Medical School Foundation (DMSF) Hospital, San

Pedro Hospital and Ateneo de Davao University

a.3. Escalators / Staircases at Gaisano stores and SM

Supermart

a.4. Human conveyors at NAIA, Manila

2. Statistical Treatment
For purposes of this study, the author used the following:

a. Time Study Formula

b. Percentage and Mean Formulas

c. Other appropriate statistical tools to measure accuracy.

 Chapter III
Related Literature
The mitigation activities for emergencies and disasters
require a collaborative process and are not limited to response or
recover activities. The design of the build environments and its
components including buildings, transportation routes and utility
services need to be considered carefully to minimize the effects of
disasters on people. Safety and security precautions are not just a
few applications that can be integrated after the construction of
buildings. The following key issue has to be considered to
enhance building design for extreme events. Crowd dynamics is
the study of how, where and when crowds are formed and how
they move. Crowd management is the process of controlling the
behaviors of large groups of people for their safety and security. It
involves planning, organization, guidance and evaluation
activities. Crowd safety and security in public areas are primarily
the organizer’s or operator’s responsibility.
A health and safety management system is required to monitor
and control potential crowding risk in public areas. The four
interacting elements that need to be considered to minimize
injuries and death during crowd situations are defined as: time,
space, information, and energy by Fruin (1984). . In general
terms, safe and secure design of buildings is achieved with
regard to consideration of the following main building design
Issues:
 Location of the building
 Size and capacity of the building
 Entrance to the building
 Building layout
 Characteristics of construction and finishing materials (e.g.
flammability)
 The followings are the key factors for the design of
ingress and egress routes and doors:

 Number of routes and doors

 Travel distances

Dimension of the routes doors

 Other building design issues that effect behaviors and
movements of people can be summarized as:
 Building Geometry affects the occupation, circulation and the
evacuation by enabling or preventing easy movement.
 Capacity of the space affects the degree of crowding (Fruin,
1993) and bottlenecks because as Casburn et. al. (2005) stated
people spread out when there is enough space to avoid
collisions and they bunch up without intersecting at bottlenecks.
 Occupancy levels are correlated with movements in entrance,
exits and horizontal and vertical movement areas such as
corridors, stairs, ramps, escalators, etc.
 Means of ingress characteristics related to speed and route
affects the circulation and egress performance.
 Circulation routes and measures related to walking effects
circulation and evacuation and provide key data on the
movement and flow of people associated with distance and
width data.
 Means of egress design need to consider travel distance,
escape route capacities movement characteristics, the relations
with the subspaces of the building and design of the doorways
to avoid bottlenecks during evacuation.
 Lighting is a vital design issue that assists circulation of
people in the buildings in both everyday conditions and
emergencies.
 Signage is essential in complex buildings to aid and reduce
the time spent on way finding by providing options, and
suggesting the best possible route for exit ( Filippidis, et al.
2006).
 Obstacles that can disturb the movement of people have to be
avoided because they can influence the way individual interacts with
the space and other people around influence the way the individual
interact with the space and other people around.
 Indoor emergency locations can be designed to provide safe areas
for the occupants of the building and can facilitate the operations of
continuously delivering people without regard to outlet conditions.
When restrictions at the outlet limit the discharge rate, a pileup will
occur. [7] these incidents are of interest because they are not
attribute to crowd behavior. I 1964 one child was killed and 60
children injured at the outlet end of a Baltimore, Maryland Stadium
escalator. The escalator was set up for egress the day before with a
one person wide gate at the top. The escalator was reversed for
entry the next day, but the gate was not removed. A pileup resulted
at the exit, with many severely lacerated by the moving escalator
steps. At the 1970 Japanese World Exposition, 42 people were
injured at a moving walkway exit when a passenger fell and others
were driven into the pileup.
 The data were used to suggest possible approaches to
calculating minimum width of exits necessary to provide for
occupant safety. These included (note that the descriptive
text is paraphrased from the 1935 report):

1. Capacity Method, which is based on the concept of storing

occupants on the stairs within a protected stair enclosure,
and allowing for the subsequent safe and orderly evacuation
of the building. It recognized that travel down a long series of
stairs in high buildings is exhausting even to normal person.
Objections of building owners over the loss of rentable space
are noted aw well as the comment by some authorities that
people may not stand still in stairways, even in high
buildings.
2. Flow Method, which is based on the concept that people will
move down the stairs at a typical flow, assumed to be 45
persons per 22 in unit width per minute and 60 persons per
minute through doorways. It is stated that this method is usually
coupled with an assumed time in which it is safe to exit the
building and that this method calls for considerably less
stairway width than the capacity method. However they felt that
it would be limited to a few occupancies and to buildings of low
to moderate height since continuous movement down stairways
in high buildings cannot be expected without serious effects on
some occupants.
3. Combined Method suggests the flow method for lower buildings
shifting to the capacity method for taller buildings also
accounting for type of construction and use. Once again they
point out that tall buildings would require a disproportionate
amount of space devoted to stairways as compared with
useable floor area.
4. Probability Method consider only the population of the
six, most densely populated floors since it is improbable
that simultaneous evacuation of all floors of a large
building in tall buildings) is suggested.

5. Floor area Method relates area to units of exit width

needed as a function of construction type and use. Like
the probability method, simultaneous evacuation of all
floors is not considered but the number of floors
considered varies with occupancy.
Buildings shall be designed and arrangements such
that the responding fire brigade can access a fire on
any floor and begin suppression operations within 30
minutes of the transmission of the original alarm, 95 %
of the time.

Buildings shall be designed and arranged such that

98% of the expected occupants are able to evacuate
the building without outside assistance in a time not
exceeding half of the required fire resistance time of
the primary structural frame.
Where required, at least one elevator serving every floor
shall be designated for use by the fire service in
emergencies. This elevator shall be powered by normal
and emergency power, with both power and control wiring
applicable to the primary structural frame. Any alarm
transmission to the brigade shall result in the designated
fire service elevator being take out of normal service and
recalled to the designated level. The designated fire
service elevator shall open on every floor into a protected
lobby with direct access to a building stair containing a
standpipe and any other required equipment for fire
department use. The elevator equipment shall be protected
from compromise by water from sprinklers or firefighting.
Reliable communication with fire service personnel using
the elevator and monitoring of critical functions in the fire
command center shall be provided.
Where required, all elevators except any designated fire service
elevator's) shall be designed and a arranged to permit their safe
for occupant evacuation. These occupant elevators shall be
powered by normal and emergency power, with both power and
control wiring protected by fire resistant construction at least
equal to the fire resistance requirement applicable to the
primary structural frame. Occupant egress elevators shall
operate in a hoist way protected from the adverse effects of
water and opening into a protected lobby on each floor that
serves as an area of refuge while awaiting the elevator. The
lobby shall be sized to accommodate 75% of the occupant load
of the floor at 0.5 m2 (5 ft2) per person. Elevator lobbies shall
have direct access to an egress stair and be provided with two –
way communications to the fire command center and approved
means to provide real time information to waiting occupants.
On a fire alarm the elevators shall begin evacuating
occupants of the fire floor and two floors above and below
the fire floor, taking them to the level of exit discharge
before returning for another load until all 5 floors are
evacuated. On a decision for a full building evacuation by
the official in charge the elevators shall evacuate all
remaining occupants from the highest floors and
proceeding downwards, shutting occupants to the level of
exit discharge before retuning of another load. Information
systems on all floors except the level of exit discharge
shall communicate systems on the level of exit discharge
shall indicate that the elevators are out of service and
people should not enter.
Where stairs are the primary means of vertical egress in fires and
other emergencies such stairs shall be a minimum width of 1400 mm
(56 in). where protected elevators are provided as the primary means
of vertical egress in fires and other emergencies stairs shall be a
minimum width of 1100 mm (44 in). Where stairs are the primary
means of vertical egress in fires and other emergencies sufficient stair
capacity shall be provided to accommodate the maximum number of
building occupants on all floors except any with direct access to the
outside, within the stairways. Where protected elevators are provided
as the primary means of vertical egress in fires and other emergencies
sufficient stair capacity shall be provided to accommodate at least halt
the maximum number of building occupants on all floors except any
with direct access to the outside, within the stairways. Any floor
containing an assembly space that result in a higher occupant load
when provided with an area of refuge sized to accommodate 100% of
the occupant load of that floor with direct access to a stair and an
occupant egress elevator, shall be permitted to neglect the additional
occupant load for the purpose o determining stair capacity.
The capacity of an egress stair is defined as the number of
occupants who can descend the stair in a time equal to one half
fire resistance time of the primary structural frame, at a flow rate
of 47 occupants per minute per meter of stair width (26
occupants per minute per unit of exit width). (The design flow
rate is a policy decision among (81,47, or 30) occupants per
minute per meter with 47 being used in this example). Horizontal
transfer corridors designed as means of egress components
shall be provided every 25 floors (generally on mechanical
floors) to link all egress stairs and to provide the ability to safely
move between stairs. Video cameras shall be installed every 5
floors in every egress stairway and in very egress elevator
lobby with the images displayed in the fire command center.
Image analysis software shall be employed to minimize the fire
department burden for monitoring these images.
 Vertical transportation systems (elevators, lifts, escalators and
passenger conveyors) are used in almost all buildings of more than a
few stories high. Traffic design and control, namely the movement of
people by natural and mechanical means, need to be planned carefully
as the costs of under- or over-provision are considerable and changes
are not always possible. The basic principles of circulation and an
introduction to lifts are set out at the beginning, and then traffic design
methods are outlined, followed by an examination of analysis and
control.
Elevator systems are in widespread use for transporting
passengers, cargo or both between various levels within a building.
Traditional elevator systems rely upon hall call buttons located near an
entrance to an elevator where passengers indicate their desire to travel
up or down from a current floor. Once the passenger enters the
elevator, they use a car operating panel to press a button corresponding
to the floor to which they desire to travel.
One technique is known as destination entry. With such systems,
passengers provide an indication of their desired destination before they
enter an elevator car. A variety of techniques are known for allowing the
passenger to request service to a desired destination.
Another technique is known as channeling. Elevator cars are assigned
to serving particular sectors or groups of floors. This technique is
believed to minimize the number of stops before arriving at the
destinations of passengers within the car, for example. One
shortcoming of known channeling systems is that passengers are
required to scan display devices located above elevator cars in an
attempt to identify the elevator that will travel to their destination.
An exemplary disclosed method of controlling elevator traffic includes
determining a plurality of desired passenger destinations before the
passengers enter an elevator car.
 Chapter 4
Presentation and Findings of the Study
This chapter presents the findings and results of the study.
After the process of conducting the necessary processes to
determine the ingress and egress of people in the Kingdome,
the researcher found out the following:
1. That a crowd incident monitoring and alarm system
derivative guidance is necessary so that certain lethal
disasters can be avoided by means of advanced planning
and crowd management.
2. That it is necessary to be familiar with construction and
finishing process/materials of the buildings as they affect the
time of “ingress” and “egress” of people to and from the
building in relation to the number of routes, travel distance
and their dimensions.
3. That the design, geometry of the site and immediate environment
external façade of the kingdom, affect the “ingress” and “egress” of
people into and out of the building.
4. That in order to determine minimum / standard width of spaces the
Kingdome designers should carefully consider the following: capacity,
flow, floor area to further determine the probability of evacuating
worshippers in the more congested part of the dome.
5. That a temporary refuge area is important to allow people to have fast
refuge from congestion and overcrowding.
6. That the Kingdome should have separate, adequate and strategically
established fire exit/access platform to help firemen during fires and
conflagrations.
7. That the Kingdome should have a functional traffic, vertical, horizontal
and channel transport systems to avoid loss of lives during disaster and
conflagrations among others.
 Chapter 5
Conclusions/Recommendations
This study, after considering all factors involved in determining the
“ingress” and “egress” features of the Kingdome, concludes and
recommends:
1. That the profile of the “ingress” and “egress” process of
worshippers at the new Kingdome should be perceived by
planners / designers and the researcher.
2. That the requirements and procedures for crowd safety during
emergencies, and building design information, guidelines and
standards will be used when designing new buildings for safety
within large public areas.
3. That the processes should be in placed in relation to people flow
simulation tools and techniques to establish their suitability for use
within the context of crowd modeling for emergency events as well
as in normal conditions.
4. That guideline should be defined to specify improved
designs that ensure better safety of users during
emergency events and at normal conditions within large
public spaces such as Cathedrals.

5. That specific aspect should be embedded in the design

of the Cathedral used for the ingress and egress of
50,000 worshippers at a very limited time.
 References

The Architects Handbook of Professional Practice

Joseph A. Demkin, AIA, Executive Editor
The American Institute of Architects
John Wiley & Sons, latest edition

The Architect’s Portable Handbook

Second Edition
Pat Guthrie
McGraw-Hill,2003

The Architect’s Studio Companion Technical Guidelines for Preliminary Design

Edward Allen and Joseph Iano
John Wiley & Sons,2001

Dictionary of Architecture and Construction

Cyril M. Harris, Editor
McGraw-Hill, 2005
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials and Methods
Fourth Edition
Edward Allen
John Wiley & Sons, 2003

Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the International Building

Code
Second Edition
Francis D.K. Ching and Steven R. Winkel,FAIA
John Wiley & Sons, 2007

Building Construction Illustrated, Third Edition

Francis D. K. Ching and Cassandra Adams
John Wiley & Sons, 2001

Building Design and Construction handbook

Sixth Edition
Frederick S. Merritt and Jonathan T. Ricketts
McGraw-Hill, 2000
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