Polarity and The Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

POLARITY AND
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
How does a element/atom bond together?
Atoms tend to move their electrons to
complete the required electrons in their
outermost shell “valence electrons”.
Type of bond
• Ionic – transfer of e- from one atom to
another
• Covalent - sharing of e- between atoms
a) nonpolar covalent – equal sharing of e-
b) polar covalent – unequal sharing of e-
Ionic bond
Note: Happen only in metal and non-metal elements.

Covalent bond
Note: Happen only in both non-metal elements.

Lewis Dot Structure
The Lewis structures
shows the bonded
electron pairs or lone
pairs. Single, double,
and triple bonds can
be formed.
Carbon dioxide
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
Ammonia (NH3)
Try this!
• Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4)

• Salt (NaCl)
• Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
• Antimony pentachloride (SbCl5)
• Methyl chloride (CH3Cl)
Polarity
Polarity refers to the way in which atoms
bond with each other. When atoms come
together in chemical bonding, they share
electrons. A polar molecule arises when one of
the atoms exerts a stronger attractive force on
the electrons in the bond. The electrons get
drawn more towards that atom, so that the
molecule exhibits a slight charge imbalance.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to
attract the shared electrons of a covalent bond to itself.
If atoms bonded together have the same
electronegativity, the shared electrons will be equally
shared. If the electrons of a bond are more attracted to
one of the atoms (because it is more electronegative),
the electrons will be unequally shared. If the difference
in electronegativity is large enough, the electrons will
not be shared at all; the more electronegative atom will
"take" them resulting in two ions and an ionic bond.
Tug-of-War
Imagine a game of tug-of-war. If the two teams are

of equal strength, the rope stays centered. If one team
is stronger, the rope is pulled in that team's direction.
If one team is overwhelmingly stronger, the weaker
team is no longer able to hold onto the rope and the
entire rope ends up on the side of the stronger team.
Pauling’s Electronegativity scale
Example
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Cl = 3.0 eV
Na = - 0.9 eV
EN = 2.1 eN
Type of Bond: Ionic

Give the electronegativity difference and
determine the bond type in the following
1) CH4 molecules
2) HCl
3) NaF
4) MgCl2
5) SO2
6) NH3
7) H2O
8) KCl
9) CsF
Types of Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
Intermolecular Forces are forces of attraction
between unlike charges, partially positive and
negative dipoles, that occur between two
molecules.
These attractive forces between molecules are
called intermolecular forces (IMF). IMF are
relatively weaker than the forces within the
molecules forming bonds (intramolecular forces).
There are different types of IMF depending on
dipole interactions between molecules.
Ion-Ion Forces
Ion-ion interactions
are an attractive force
between ions with
opposite charges.
They are also referred
to as ionic bonds and
are the forces that
hold together
ionic compounds
Ion-Dipole Forces
Table salt when dissolved
in water completely ionizes
into sodium ions and chloride
ions. The sodium ion bearing
a positive charges is attracted
to the lone pairs present in
oxygen water. The attraction
between the sodium ion and
the water molecules is
example of ion –dipole force.
Dipole-dipole interactions
Dipoles interact by the positive end of one
molecule being attracted to the negative end of
another molecule (similar to but much weaker than
ionic bonds)
Hydrogen Bonding
Attraction formed between the hydrogen atom of

one molecule and an electronegative atom of an
adjacent molecule (O, N, or F)
A type of dipole interaction and the strongest
intermolecular force
Dispersion Forces/ Van der Waal Forces
Caused by electron motion.

Electrons around one molecule
momentarily repel electrons a
nearby molecule creating a
momentary charge difference
Can exist between nonpolar

molecules as well as polar
Weakest intermolecular force but

increases as the number of electrons
increases
Type of Intermolecular Forces
1. Ion-Ion
2. Ion-Dipole
3. H bond
4. Dipole-Dipole
5. Van der Waals
State which molecule in each pair has
the strongest bond.
1. HF vs HI
2. O2 vs CH3Cl
3. H2O vs NaCl

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POLARITY AND

Note: Happen only in metal and non-metal elements.

Note: Happen only in both non-metal elements.

• Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4)

Imagine a game of tug-of-war. If the two teams are

Type of Bond: Ionic

Attraction formed between the hydrogen atom of

Caused by electron motion.

Can exist between nonpolar

Weakest intermolecular force but

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