Red Hat Linux version 9

[Zahid Mehboob]
HAMDARD UNIVERSITY
KARACHI

Zahid Mehboob HAMDARD

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Major Linux Distributions

 Red Hat Linux

 Caldera OpenLinux
 S.u.S.E Linux
 Debian GNU/Linux
 Slackware Linux
 MkLinux (For Power Macintosh)

Zahid Mehboob HAMDARD

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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3
Product
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS

 In May 2004 a new member of the Red Hat

Enterprise Linux products family was
introduced:
– Red Hat Desktop

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Module 2
Administration Utilities
 Man Pages
 Identifying The Linux System
 Identifying The Active Users
 Inspecting Log Files

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Online Manuals

 Online manuals in many section: May very

on system
1. user command 6. games & daemons
2. system calls 7. environments,tables
3. C library routines 8. maintenance command
4. devices & interface 9. kernal reference guide
5. file formats

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Identifying The Linux System
 The “uname” command shows system
inofrmation
 Options
-a all information
-n system name (nodename on network)
-s OS name
-r OS release number
-v OS version number
-m machine hardware
-p processor type
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Identifying Active Users
 The “who” command shows who is currently
logged on
– Information kept in /var/run/utmp
– A history of every login is also kept in
/var/log/wtmp
 You can also used short “w” command

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Inspecting Log Files
 Use a “pager” such as less or more
– can be slow when working with large log files
 Use “grep” to look for particular words
 Use the “tail” command to look at the last
few lines
 Use “pico” or “joe” to read the whole file

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Module 3
Files & Directories
 Directory Structure
 File System Concepts
 Access Control & File and Directory
Permissions

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Access Control
 Three types of users, plus super user
– User (or owner)
– Group (any user in same group)
– Other
 Three types of protection
– Read
– Write
– Execute

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File & Directory Permissions
 File permissions
– r-read file
– w-write file
– x-execute file (program or shell script)
 Directory permissions
– r-read directory file (doesn't access to files)
– w-write to directory (create, rename & delete
files
– x-search directory (pass through & access files)

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Module 4
Process Management
 Process & Daemons
 Signals
 The at command
 Cron jobs

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Program & Processes
 A program is an executable file
 A process is a instance of a program being
executed
 Linux allows many processes to be
executing “simultaneously”
– the kernal arranges for each process to have a
share of the CPU and automatically switches
from executing one process to executing another

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Daemons
 Daemon processes provide system
functionality
– the key attribute of a daemon process is the fact
that its not attached to a terminal
– when the event occurs, the daemon wakes up,
services the event, then goes to sleep
– the daemon will fork a new child process to
service the event so that it can quickly look for
another event

Zahid Mehboob HAMDARD

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Checking On Processes
 Use the “ps” command to examine processes
 Key columns in output listings
PID process ID
TIME program CPU time
UID owning user
TTY controlling terminal
COMMAND command use to run process

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Signals
 Signals are used to communicate with a
running process
– processes define how to react to signals
– most signals ignored by default
– some cause process termination
– signals defined by name (or number)
 System administrations usually use signals to
eliminate a process

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Sending Signals
 Use the “kill” command to send signals

HUP (1) terminal hang up (power off)

KILL (9) kill immediately (process can not
ignore and dies immediately)

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The at Command
 Execute command at a specified time or run
the commands on a batch queue
– at time [date] [increments]

 Commands are read from stdin

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Module 5
System Startup & Shutdown
 Bootstrap Procedure
 Run Levels
 System Startup Files
 Shutdown Procedure

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Standard Boot Process
 Linux loader (grub) resides in the MBR of the
hard drive
 Loaded the Linux kernal starts running
– initialize devices, virtual memory etc.
– initialize internal tables (processes, files, etc)
– create scheduler process (number 0)
– run the first process (number 1) /sbin/init

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Run Levels
 Run Levels are standard under Linux
0- power down level
1- administration mode
2- basic multi-user level
3- full multi-user mode with NFS & networking
4- not used
5- X11 mode logon and logoff from X prompt
6- halt & reboot
 Use “init” to change run levels if users not
logged in
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Run Command Scripts
 The run command scripts invoked by init
via /etc/inittab
 Each rc script in /etc/rc.d controls changes to
named run level
 Each scripts runs startup programs in
directory /etc/rc.d
 The scripts look in directories under
/etc/rc.d/init.d for scripts to run for the
required run level

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Shutting down
 Use shutdown to close down the system
– warns users what is happening
– issues the init command
shutdown –h now
shutdown –h 10:00

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Module 6
Login & Terminals
 Loggin on
 Terminal issues
 Getty & mingetty process

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Logging into Linux
 Logging into Linux involves several stages
1. The connection with the port is established and
login prompt issued
– perform /sbin/mingetty
– initialed by init from the inittab file
2. The username and password are obtained and
verified
– this is performed by the /bin/login program
3. The user’s login shell (from /etc/password) is
invoked

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Working with Terminals
 Use “ tty ” to identify the current port
 Use “ stty ” to examine port setting

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Module 7
Device Management
 The /dev directory
 Device Interface
 Major & Minor Device Numbers
 Block & Character Devices
 Disk Slicing Information

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The Devices Directory
 Devices defined in /dev when the system is
installed
– contains all possible devices
– entry in /dev does not imply the device driver is in
the kernal
– without an entry in /dev,device is not accessible
 Linux device names are not standard
– manufacturers have developed their own naming
conventions
– A few device names are standard (/dev/null,
/dev/tty)
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Device Interface
 Devices interface through files
– files kept in /dev & sub-directories
 Two types of devices
– character devices with file type c
– block devices with file type b
 Every device is defined by two numbers
– major number is unique to each device driver
– minor number identifies different devices
controlled by the same controller

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Useful Devices
/dev/null null device
/dev/tty pseudo (virtual) device for user’s login terminal
/dev/console usual name for the system console
/dev/ttynn directly connected terminals
/dev/ptsnnn X-window and network pseudo terminals
/dev/fd0 common name for floppy disk drive
/dev/ftape link to tape drive
/dev/hdx IDE disks
/dev/sdx SCSI disks
/dev/cdrom usually a link to CD-ROM drive
/dev/lp0 parallel printer port

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Module 8
File Systems
 File System Overview
 Monitoring Disks
 Making a File System
 File System Utilities

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File System Types
 A file system type defines how the disk data
is structured
– ext2fs (2nd extended file system) standard across
all linux distributions
– all linux systems can include support for
Microsoft’s FAT, FAT-32 & NTFS for use with
DOS/Windows systems
– also supports for OS/2 & NFS
 Use the “mkfs” command for making a file
system
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Mounting a File System
 Use mount to add a file system to the tree structure
– the root file system is mounted by the kernal at boot time
– use the block device for mount
 File systems can be mounted onto any directory
– directory is called the mount point
– /mnt provided as standard temporary mount point
 Umount file systems using umount
– Specify the mount point to umount

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Module 15
Monitoring and Updating
 Process (CPU) activity
 Disk access (I/O) activity
 Memory Utilization
 Reconfigure the Kernal

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CPU Process Reporter(top)
 Use “top” to monitor the system
– can look at current system performance
 Collects data on cpu, memory etc.

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Configuring Linux Kernel
Parameters
 Three methods of configuration
(cd/usr/src/linux)
make config/menuconfig/xconfig
 Use “make” to build the kernal
make clean remove old binaries
make dep attach all necessary dependencies
make zgrub compressed image & update grub
make zimage make compressed image
make bzimage if kernal is too big for compressed

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Questions & Comments

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Thank you

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