Digital Circuits

A.Hari Ram
Faculty-L&D (Technical)
Corporate & Industry Relations
What is Digital Circuits?

A digital circuit is a circuit where

the signal must be one of two
discrete levels. Each level is
interpreted as one of two different
states (for example, on/off, 0/1,
true/false). Digital circuits use
transistors to create logic gates in
order to perform Boolean logic.
Digital revolution and digital age

Few Examples:-

 Image Compression formats such as JPEG & MPEG

 Audio Coding formats such as Dolby Digital , MP3
 Digital TV Standards such as Video On Demand(VOD) and
High-Definition Television (HDTV)
 YouTube
Types of Digital Logic

 Combinational Logic Circuits:

In digital circuit theory, combinational logic is a type of
digital logic which is implemented by Boolean circuits,
where the output is a pure function of the present input
only.

 Sequential Logic Circuits:

sequential logic, in which the output depends not only on
the present input but also on the history of the input
What is the binary number system?
 The system which has a base 2 is known as the binary system
and it consists of only two digits 0 and 1.
 For Example: Take decimal number 625
625 = 600 + 20 + 5
That means,
6×100 + 2×10 + 5
6 ×102 + 2×101 + 5×100
 In this 625 consist of three bits, we start writing the
numbers from the rightmost bit power as 0 then the second
bit as power 1 and the last as power 2. So, we can represent
a decimal number as
 ∑digit × 10corresponding position or bit
 Here 10 is the total number of digits from 0 to 9.
State the De Morgan's Theorem?
De Morgan's Theorem stated two theorems:
1. The complement of a product of two numbers is the sum
of the complements of those numbers.
(A. B)' = A' + B'

2. The complement of the sum of two numbers is equal to

the product of the complement of two numbers.
(A + B)' = A'B'
Define Digital System?

 Digital systems are the system that processes a discrete

or digital signal.
What is the best Example of Digital
system?

 Digital Computer.
What is a Logic gate?
 Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital
system. It is an electronic circuit having one or more
than one input and only one output. The relationship
between the input and the output is based on a certain
logic. Based on this, logic gates are named as AND gate,
OR gate, NOT gate etc.
What is a glitch?
 A glitch is called to an invalid and unpredicted output of
a digital circuit that can be read by the next stage and
result in a wrong action. Glitches happen mostly due to
propagation delays in a digital circuit.
What is the difference
between latch and flip-flop?
 The difference between latches and Flip-flop is that the
latches are level triggered and flip-flops are edge
triggered.
 In latches level triggered means that the output of the
latches changes as we change the input and edge
triggered means that control signal only changes its
state when goes from low to high or high to low.
 Latches are fast whereas flip-flop is slow.
What is a propagation delay?
 Propagation delay is a time associated with any digital
circuit and is the time between when an input to the
circuit changes until that change propagates through
the circuit and changes the output.
 Every digital gate (And, Or, Inverter,...) has its own
propagation delay. For single gates this delay can be
very short, maybe somewhere around nano seconds or
shorter. But as the circuit grows larger and more
components are put one after another, the delay
increases too.
If two XOR gates are given to you, how
to make it the first XOR gate should
invert the data and the second XOR
gate should simply pass the output of
previous??
 Tie one of XOR gates input to 1 it will act as inverter.
Tie one of XOR gates input to 0 it will act as buffer.
Explain about setup time and hold
time, what will happen if there is
setup time and hold time violation,
how to overcome this?
Setup time

 Setup Time: Minimum time Period during which data

must be stable before the clock makes a valid
transition.
E.g. for a positive edge triggered flip-flop having a setup
time of 2ns so input data should be Stable for 2ns before
the clock makes a  valid transaction from zero to one.
Hold time

Minimum time period during which data must be stable

after the clock has made a valid transition.
E.g. for a positive edge triggered flip-flop, with a hold
time of 1 ns. Input Data (i.e. R and S in the case of RS
flip-flop) should be stable for at least 1 ns after clock
has made transition from 0 to 1 Hold time is the amount
of time after the clock edge that same input signal has
to be held before changing it to make sure it is sensed
properly at the clock edge.
What is metastable state?
 Whenever there are setup and hold time violations in
any flip-flop, it enters a state where its output is
unpredictable: this state is known as metastable state
(quasi stable state);
 At the end of metastable state, the flip-flop settles
down to either ‘1’ or ‘0’. This whole process is known as
metastability
What is lock out condition in
counters?
 It occurs in shortened module counters, when the
counter is switched on, because of noise spikes, the
counter may find itself in invalid state. In subsequent
clock pulses, counter may move around invalid states
and thus become useless. To avoid this external logic
circuitry is provided which properly resets each flip
flop.
What is the basic difference between
a shift register and counter?
 Shift register has no specified sequence of states except
in certain very specialized applications whereas a
counter has a specified sequence of states to count.
If A*B=C and C*A=B then, what
is the Boolean operator * ?
 Exclusive OR
What are various types of
state encoding techniques?
 One-Hot encoding:
Each state is represented by a bit (flip-flop). If
there are four states then it requires four bits (four flip-
flops) to represent the current state. The valid state values
are 1000, 0100, 0010, and 0001. If the value is 0100, then
it means second state is the current state.
 One-Cold encoding:
Same as one-hot encoding except that '0' is the valid value. If
there are four states then it requires four bits (four flip-flops) to
represent the current state. The valid state values are 0111, 1011,
1101, and 1110.

 Binary encoding:
Each state is represented by a binary code. A FSM having '2
power N' states requires only N flip-flops.

 Gray encoding:
Each state is represented by a Gray code. A FSM having '2
power N' states requires only N flip-flops.
Design a 3 input NAND gate using
minimum number of 2 input NAND gates.
Implement a D-latch using
2x1 multiplexer(s).
 Apollo Tyres
1. What is a flip-flop? Write the truth table of an S-R flip-flop
2. Make an OR gate using NAND gates
3. Write the excitation table of JK flip-flop.
4. What is the advantage of 2’s complement over 1’s complement?
E-con Systems

 What is the difference between latch and a flip-flop.

 Frequency divider using flip flop.
 Convert JK to T flip-flop.
 Ex-or gate using nor.
 NOR gate using NAND.
 SR flip-flop truth table
GOODRICH

 Conversion problems 0.10111 to decimal

 No of flip-flops required for a mod 11 counter.
 Mod counters
 Output of a not gate is given as input then the gate is in
what state?
MICROCHIP

 How asynchronous reset is different from synchronous reset?

 What are hold time, setup times?
 Rise time, fall time?
 Implement 3-input OR gate using Multiplexers only.
 XOR using transmission gates
 Construct a 3 input AND gate using a 4X1 MUX
 AND gate
 OR gate
 XOR gate
 Difference between latch and F/F?
Robert Bosch
 Which are the Universal Gates ? Why are they called so ?
 Design the Full Adder circuit using logic gates ( 1 bit ) ?
 What are the differences between PLA (Programmable Logic Array) and
PAL (Programmable Array Logic) ?
 Design the Half Adder using logic gates. Provide the truth table and
validate your design
 What are the differences between a latch and a flip flop ?
 Design a JK Flip Flop. Explain it's working. How is it controlled ?
 Draw the symbol for JK Flip Flop. Explain its working with the help of a
truth table
 What are all the different kinds of Flip Flop ?
 Implement a 4-bit counter using JK Flip Flop
 Design AND and OR gate using BJT.
 Realize an XOR gate using only NAND gates and also only NOR gates.
Interview preparation

 Prepare logic gates truth tables & symbols

 Basic applications of logic gates
 Combinational Circuits(Encoder, Decoder, MUX, DeMUX,
Priority Encoders, Adders, Subtractors)
 Sequential circuits(Latch, Flip-flop, Registers, Counters)
Thank You