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Chapter 4 Rock Compressibility

This document discusses rock compressibility, which is the ability of rock to reduce in volume or shape with applied pressure. There are three main types of rock compressibility: matrix compressibility, bulk compressibility, and pore compressibility. Matrix compressibility is the fractional change in volume of the solid rock material with a pressure change. Bulk compressibility is the fractional change in total rock volume with pressure change. Pore compressibility is the fractional change in pore volume with pressure change. The document describes experimental methods to measure these different compressibilities and provides typical values for formation compressibilities.

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420 views26 pages

Chapter 4 Rock Compressibility

This document discusses rock compressibility, which is the ability of rock to reduce in volume or shape with applied pressure. There are three main types of rock compressibility: matrix compressibility, bulk compressibility, and pore compressibility. Matrix compressibility is the fractional change in volume of the solid rock material with a pressure change. Bulk compressibility is the fractional change in total rock volume with pressure change. Pore compressibility is the fractional change in pore volume with pressure change. The document describes experimental methods to measure these different compressibilities and provides typical values for formation compressibilities.

Uploaded by

Pugal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Compressibility

Theory

Topics
• define rock compressibility, pore volume compressibility, bulk
volume compressibility and matrix compressibility
• use equations for rock compressibility
• describe experimental method to evaluate rock compressibility
• explain the effect of compressibility on rock properties
(porosity, permeability)
Compressibility
Theory

Compressibility is the ability of a soil or rock to reduce in volume/shape with


applied pressure.

A measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid 1  V 


c=-  
as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change. V  P  T
Compressibility
Theory

A material under initial confining pressure of P1 has volume V. When


the pressure increases to P2, the volume reduce by V.

c (compressibility) is given by;


1 V 1 V
c = - =-
V P2  P1 V P
The negative sign will give positive value for compressibility.

The unit for compressibility is pressure to the power of -1.


Psi-1, kPa-1, (Nm-2)-1, bar-1 etc.
Compressibility
Theory
Compressibility
Theory

Reservoir rock is under stress.

Internal stress by fluid in the pore


(hydrostatic)

External stresses by may have


different values in different
directions.
Compressibility
Types of compressibility

Production of fluid from the


pore will change the
internal stress causes the
resultant stress to change.

The change in resultant


stress will change the
volumes of matrix, pore
and bulk.

In reservoir engineering
the pore volume Reduction in
compressibility is more pore
important. pressure
Compressibility
Types of compressibility

3 types of porous rock compressibility

1. Rock matrix compressibility


The fraction of change in volume of the solid rock material (grains)
with a unit change in pressure. V 1
cr = - r
Vr P
2. Rock bulk compressibility
The fraction change in volume of the bulk volume of the rock with a
unit change in pressure V 1
cb = - b
Vb P
3. Pore compressibility
The fractional change in pore volume of the rock with a unit change
in pressure. Vp 1
cp = -
Vp P
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

Measurement of matrix compressibility, cr


The rock matrix will uniformly
deform under hydrostatic
pressure. The bulk deformation
of the rock can be stated as
matrix compressibility, cr

Vr 1
Saturate rock with cr = -
liquid Vr P
Apply hydrostatic pressure to the
saturated rock.
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

Measurement of bulk and pore compressibility, cb & cp

Copper-jacked fluid Apply hydrostatic pressure on the


saturated rock copper-jacked rock.
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

Measurement of bulk and pore compressibility, cb & cp

Carpenter & Spencer (only change the external pressure, p*)

Pore compressibility, cp, component


of the total rock compressibility.

p*
p, constant
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement
Vb    V p
V p  1 
cp     


Vp  p p
V p
Vp

 c p p   p

V p
Vp

 c p p   p

V p
Vb  
 c p p   p

V p
c p  slope of graf, vs p 
Vb  
V p  change in pore volume,
calculated from expelled liquid
during external pressure increased
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement
Measurement of bulk and pore compressibility, cb & cp
Hall : similar to experiment by Carpenter & Spencer

1  V p 
   
V p  p  p

Formation the total rock


=
compressibility compressibility
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement
Measurement of bulk and
pore compressibility, cb & cp
Hall : (constant overburden
pressure), p*

1  V p 
  
V p  p  p
Effective compressibility
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

Measurement of bulk and pore compressibility, cb & cp


Theory by Geertsma
1  Vb 
cb     * 
Vb  p  p

cb was determined by
measuring the change in
bulk volume of saturated
jacketed core due to
external hydraulic pressure p*
change and constant p, constant
internal pressure.
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

For sandstone and shale

 cb  dp   dp 
dVb
This showed that the
Vb
change in bulk volume is
and the same as the change in
dV p pore volume.

Vp

cb

 dp 
 dp 

for c r  cb p*
dV p 1 dVb p, constant
 
Vp  Vb
Since V p  Vb , therefore
dV p  dVb
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

If the p  are equal from all directions, then


dp   0 and
dV p cb 1 dV p cb
  dp atau - 
Vp  V p dp 

cb
 c p defined as pore volume compressibility

p*
constant
p
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

In summary, it can be stated that pore volume compressibility of


consolidated sandstones are of the order of 5x10-6 to 10x10-6 psi-1
(ABW)

Typical values for formation compressibility range from


3x10-6 to 20x10-6 psi-1 (Tarek Ahmed)
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement
por1 0.25
delp -4000
cp 0.000002 psi-1

por2 0.24801 0.24850


delpor 0.00199 0.00150
0.19920 0.15000
%chng 0.79681 0.60000
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement

h2/h1 0.998008
thickness reduction 0.001992

ft
h1 20 200
h2 19.96016 199.6016
delh 0.0398404 0.398404
Newman’s data and
correlations for pore
compressibility
Compressibility
Compressibility measurement
por1 0.25
delp -4000 h2/h1 0.9807791
thickness reduction 0.019221
cp 0.00002 psi-1

por2 0.2307791 0.2485 ft


delpor 0.0192209 0.0015 h1 100
h2 98.077909
1.9220913 0.15 delh 1.9220913
%chng 7.6883654 0.6

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