Scribd
Upload
33 views10 pages

Fluid Mechanics-Ii: Instructor: Engr. Asad Ali

The document discusses isentropic flow properties for ideal gases, including relations between stagnation and static properties using Mach number. It also examines the effects of back pressure on mass flow rate and exit pressure for converging nozzles, noting choked flow occurs at critical pressure. Finally, it explores how back pressure influences flow conditions at the exit of converging-diverging nozzles.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD NABEEL ARIF
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views10 pages

Fluid Mechanics-Ii: Instructor: Engr. Asad Ali

The document discusses isentropic flow properties for ideal gases, including relations between stagnation and static properties using Mach number. It also examines the effects of back pressure on mass flow rate and exit pressure for converging nozzles, noting choked flow occurs at critical pressure. Finally, it explores how back pressure influences flow conditions at the exit of converging-diverging nozzles.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD NABEEL ARIF
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

FLUID MECHANICS-II

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ASAD ALI


Property relations for isentropic flow of2
ideal gases
• We know that:
T0  T  V 2 or, T0  1 V2
2c p T
2cp T
R
Since, cp   1 , c 2  RT and M  V/c,

V2  V2   1  V 2   1  2
2  
p  2  c  2 M

Substituting
2c T 2[Rin/(the above
1)]T
equation, T0   1  2
  M
T 1  2 
Property relations for isentropic flow of ideal
3
gases
• Similarly for pressure and density:
P   /( 1)
  1  2 
P  1  2 M 
0

    1  
1/( 1)

 1  
   2  
0 M 2

• The above equations relate the stagnation


properties with the corresponding static
properties through the Mach number.
4

• Properties at a location where the Mach


number is unity are called critical
properties.
• Setting M=1 in the equations,
T  2 

T0  1 
 /( 1)
P    2 
0  

P  1 1/( 1)
  2 
 
 0  1 
5

• Converging nozzle in a subsonic flow will have


decreasing area along the flow direction.

• We shall consider the effect of back pressure on


the exit velocity, mass flow rate and pressure
distribution along the nozzle.

• We assume flow enters the nozzle from a


reservoir so that inlet velocity is zero.
• Stagnation temperature and pressure
remains unchanged in the nozzle.
Isentropic flow through 6
converging nozzles

Pe
Reservoir
P0, T0 Pb: back
pressure

x
P/P0
1 P =P
1 b 0

2 P > P*
b

P*/P0 3 P = P* Choked flow


b
4 Pb < P*
0 5 Pb = 0
x
7

m

5 4 3
m max
2

1
P*/P0 1.0 Pb/P0
Pe/P0
1
1.0
2

4 3 The effect of back pressure


P*/P0 5 Pb on the mass flow rate and
the exit pressure Pe.
P*/P0 1.0 P /P
b 0
8

• From the above figure,


 b for Pb P
Pe  
PP for Pb  P
• For all back pressures lower that the critical
pressure, exit pressure = critical pressure,
Mach number is unity and the mass flow
rate is maximum (choked flow).
• A back pressure lower than the critical
pressure cannot be sensed in the nozzle
upstream flow and does not affect the
flow rate.
9
converging-diverging nozzles
• Maximum Mach number achievable in a
converging nozzle is unity.
• For supersonic Mach numbers, a diverging
section after the throat is required.
• However, a diverging section alone would
not guarantee a supersonic flow.
• The Mach number at the exit of the
converging-diverging nozzle depends
upon the back pressure.
Throat Pe
10
P0

Pb

P
Pb
P0 A PA
B Subsonic flow at nozzle exit
PB
No shock
PC
P* C Subsonic flow at nozzle exit
PD Shock in nozzle
PE
Supersonic flow at nozzle exit
Sonic flow D PF
PG No shock in nozzle
at throat
Inlet Throat Exit x
Shock in nozzle
M
Supersonic flow at nozzle exit
No shock in nozzle
1.0
D Subsonic flow at nozzle exit
Shock in nozzle
C Subsonic flow at nozzle exit
No shock
B
x
A

You might also like